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11.
Zemichael Gizaw Wondwoson Woldu Bikes Destaw Bitew 《International breastfeeding journal》2017,12(1):38
Background
Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) during infancy is fundamental, however it is not fully practiced in the nomadic population of Ethiopia. In Ethiopia, there is still a lack of information on the implementation of the EBF, especially among the nomadic population. This study was conducted to assess the EBF status of children during their first 6 months of life, who are now aged between 6 and 24 months, in the nomadic population of Afar region. The study also aimed to identify factors affecting exclusive breastfeeding.Methods
A community based cross-sectional study was conducted from April to May, 2015 to assess EBF of children aged between 6 and 24 months during the first 6 months of life. Exclusive breastfeeding is defined as consuming only breast milk (including expressed breast milk) during the first 6 months and no other liquids and solid foods except medications, and non exclusive breastfeeding is taking liquids and solid foods in addition to breast milk. The cluster sampling technique was used to select the study participants. Data were collected from 254 households using a structured questionnaire.Results
One hundred eighty eight of the children were fed breast milk exclusively for the first 6 months of age; the rate of EBF in the study area was 74% (95% CI 70, 78%). One hundred fifty four (60.6%) of the children received breast milk within 1 h immediately after birth and 207 (81.5%) of the children maintained breastfeeding at the time of the survey. Exclusive breastfeeding was statistically associated with mothers aged above 35 years (AOR 8.3, 95% CI 1.7, 40.3), commencing to breastfeed in first hour (AOR 3.5, 95% CI 1.8, 6.9), and parents who didn’t migrate or move to a more comfortable area (AOR 4.6, 95% CI 1.5, 14.4).Conclusion
Exclusive breastfeeding was not fully practiced in the study area. Therefore, promotion of infant and young children feeding (IYCF) is needed in the area to strengthen EBF practices. Moreover, child feeding practices should be integrated with the existing health system and attention should be given to the nomadic mothers.12.
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The effects of disturbance on the population structure and regeneration potential of five dominant woody species – in Hugumburda‐Gratkhassu National Forest Priority Area,North‐eastern Ethiopia 下载免费PDF全文
Vast areas of forests in North‐eastern Ethiopia have been replaced by cropland, shrub land or grazing areas. Thus, information about how vegetation composition and structure varies with disturbance is fundamental to conservation of such areas. This study aimed to investigate the effects of disturbance on the population structure and regeneration potential of five dominant woody species within forest where local communities harvest wood and graze livestock. Vegetation structure and environmental variables were assessed in 50 quadrats (20 m × 20 m). In most of both disturbed and undisturbed treatments, Juniperus procera was the highest contributor to the basal area of the forest, while that of Olinia rochetiana was the lowest. Analysis of population structure showed high density at lower Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) and low density at higher DBH classes. Undisturbed forest treatments had 84% canopy cover, 22 m mean vegetation height and a density of 1320 trees of dominant species and 1024 seedlings/saplings ha?1. In disturbed habitats, canopy cover (73%), mean vegetation height (18 m) and density of dominant trees and saplings were significantly lower than in undisturbed habitats. Thus, to ensure species, survival and maintain species diversity managed use of the protected area is essential. 相似文献
14.
A study was made of the vegetation in southern Wello (Ethiopia) in relation to human impact and the environment. 65 sample plots were laid out and analysed with respect to the cover value of vascular plant species. Altitude, slope, aspect and estimates of grazing pressure for each plot were also recorded along with physical and chemical soil properties analysed for samples taken from each plot. The following environmental factors, isolated by forward selection, show correlation with the axes of Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA): altitude, grazing, pH, K, Ca, Mg, slope and aspect.
Through hierarchical and non-hierarchical clustering methods the vegetation was divided into eight types, from which one was secondary forest characterised by patch dominance of Juniperus procera and Olea europaea ssp. cuspidata. These forest patches are found at high altitude sites and because of their inaccessibility are usually characterised by low livestock density and consequently low grazing pressure. The presence of large boulders and stones in Podocarpus falcatus forest decreases accessibility and creates natural protection for the trees. The other vegetation types, most of which are found at lower altitude and associated with varying intensities of grazing, include grasslands (grazed and protected), regenerating sites dominated by Eu-clea racemosa and Dodonaea angustifolia, dense and open shrublands and Olea europaea ssp. cuspidata woodlands. Human interference has a major impact on the vegetation of the study area and its recovery will depend on the degree of participation of the local people. 相似文献
Through hierarchical and non-hierarchical clustering methods the vegetation was divided into eight types, from which one was secondary forest characterised by patch dominance of Juniperus procera and Olea europaea ssp. cuspidata. These forest patches are found at high altitude sites and because of their inaccessibility are usually characterised by low livestock density and consequently low grazing pressure. The presence of large boulders and stones in Podocarpus falcatus forest decreases accessibility and creates natural protection for the trees. The other vegetation types, most of which are found at lower altitude and associated with varying intensities of grazing, include grasslands (grazed and protected), regenerating sites dominated by Eu-clea racemosa and Dodonaea angustifolia, dense and open shrublands and Olea europaea ssp. cuspidata woodlands. Human interference has a major impact on the vegetation of the study area and its recovery will depend on the degree of participation of the local people. 相似文献
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16.
Background
The use of insecticidal bed nets is found to be an effective public health tool for control of malaria, especially for under-five children and pregnant women. BRAC, an indigenous Bangladeshi non-governmental development organization, started working in the East African state of Uganda in June 2006. As part of its efforts to improve the health and well-being of its participants, BRAC Uganda has been distributing long lasting insecticide-treated bed nets (LLIN) at a subsidized price through health volunteers since February 2008. This study was conducted in March-April 2009 to examine how equitable the programme had been in consistence with BRAC Uganda''s pro-poor policy.Methodology/Principal Findings
Information on possession of LLINs and relevant knowledge on its proper use and maintenance was collected from households either with an under-five child and/or a pregnant woman. The sample included three villages from each of the 10 branch offices where BRAC Uganda''s community-based health programme was operating. Data were collected by trained enumerators through face-to-face interviews using a hand-held personal digital assistant (PDA). Findings reveal that the study population had superficial knowledge on malaria and its transmission, including the use and maintenance of LLINs. The households'' rate of possession of bed nets (41–59%), and the proportion of under-five children (17–19%) and pregnant women (25–27%) who reported sleeping under an LLIN were not encouraging. Inequity was observed in the number of LLINs possessed by the households, in the knowledge on its use and maintenance, and between the two programme areas.Conclusions/Significance
The BRAC Uganda''s LLINs distribution at a subsidized price appeared to be inadequate and inequitable, and BRAC''s knowledge dissemination is insufficient for initiating preventive actions such as proper use of LLINs to interrupt malaria transmission. Findings contribute to the on-going debate on LLINs distribution in Africa and make a strong case for its free distribution. 相似文献17.
Epidemiological and experimental evidences have established solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation as the leading cause of skin cancers. Specifically, the frequency of non-melanoma skin cancer, one of the malignancies with the most rapidly increasing incidence, is directly related to the total exposure to solar UV light. As part of a general effort to elucidate the components of cellular signal transduction pathways, the mechanisms of cellular responses to UV radiation have received considerable attention over the last few years. These efforts were driven mainly by the conviction that understanding how normal cells respond to extracellular stimuli such as exposure to UV radiation will undoubtedly help in deciphering what goes wrong in a variety of clinical disorders including skin cancers and will assist in the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Studies over the last decade have established that UV radiation induces a bewildering array of signal transduction pathways, some of which could lead to apoptotic cell death. UV-induced cell death by apoptosis is considered to be a natural protective mechanism that removes damaged keratinocytes and circumvents the risk of malignant transformation. In this review, we summarize some of the most important findings regarding the response and role of mitogen-activated protein kinases in UVA and UVB radiation-induced signaling to apoptosis in keratinocytes. We will also briefly discuss what is known about the role of the BCL-2 family of proteins, the emerging role of lysosomal proteases and other important cytosolic signaling proteins in UV-induced apoptosis. 相似文献
18.
Rebekah Stewart Schicker Neway Hiruy Berhanu Melak Woyneshet Gelaye Belay Bezabih Rob Stephenson Amy E. Patterson Zerihun Tadesse Paul M. Emerson Frank O. Richards Jr. Gregory S. Noland 《PloS one》2015,10(11)
Background
Mobile populations present unique challenges to malaria control and elimination efforts. Each year, a large number of individuals travel to northwest Amhara Region, Ethiopia to seek seasonal employment on large-scale farms. Agricultural areas typically report the heaviest malaria burden within Amhara thereby placing migrants at high risk of infection. Yet little is known about these seasonal migrants and their malaria-related risk factors.Methods and Findings
In July 2013, a venue-based survey of 605 migrant laborers 18 years or older was conducted in two districts of North Gondar zone, Amhara. The study population was predominantly male (97.7%) and young (mean age 22.8 years). Plasmodium prevalence by rapid diagnostic test (RDT) was 12.0%; One quarter (28.3%) of individuals were anemic (hemoglobin <13 g/dl). Nearly all participants (95.6%) originated from within Amhara Region, with half (51.6%) coming from within North Gondar zone. Around half (51.2%) slept in temporary shelters, while 20.5% regularly slept outside. Only 11.9% of participants had access to a long lasting insecticidal net (LLIN). Reported net use the previous night was 8.8% overall but 74.6% among those with LLIN access. Nearly one-third (30.1%) reported having fever within the past two weeks, of whom 31.3% sought care. Cost and distance were the main reported barriers to seeking care. LLIN access (odds ratio [OR] = 0.30, P = 0.04) and malaria knowledge (OR = 0.50, P = 0.02) were significantly associated with reduced Plasmodium infection among migrants, with a similar but non-significant trend observed for reported net use the previous night (OR = 0.16, P = 0.14).Conclusions
High prevalence of malaria and anemia were observed among a young population that originated from relatively proximate areas. Low access to care and low IRS and LLIN coverage likely place migrant workers at significant risk of malaria in this area and their return home may facilitate parasite transport to other areas. Strategies specifically tailored to migrant farm workers are needed to support malaria control and elimination activities in Ethiopia. 相似文献19.
Esmael Habtamu Saul N. Rajak Zerihun Tadesse Tariku Wondie Mulat Zerihun Birhan Guadie Teshome Gebre Amir Bedri Kello Kelly Callahan David C. W. Mabey Peng T. Khaw Clare E. Gilbert Helen A. Weiss Paul M. Emerson Matthew J. Burton 《PLoS neglected tropical diseases》2015,9(3)
BackgroundTrachomatous trichiasis (TT) needs to be managed to reduce the risk of vision loss. The long-term impact of epilation (a common traditional practice of repeated plucking of lashes touching the eye) in preventing visual impairment and corneal opacity from TT is unknown. We conducted a randomized controlled trial of epilation versus surgery for the management of minor TT (fewer than six lashes touching the eye) in Ethiopia. Here we report the four-year outcome and the effect on vision and corneal opacity.
Methodology/ Principal Findings
1300 individuals with minor TT were recruited and randomly assigned to quality trichiasis surgery or repeated epilation using high quality epilation forceps by a trained person with good near vision. Participants were examined six-monthly for two-years, and then at four-years after randomisation. At two-years all epilation arm participants were offered free surgery. At four-years 1151 (88.5%) were re-examined: 572 (88%) and 579 (89%) from epilation and surgery arms, respectively. At that time, 21.1% of the surgery arm participants had recurrent TT; 189/572 (33%) of the epilation arm had received surgery, while 383 (67%) declined surgery and had continued epilating (“epilation-only”). Among the epilation-only group, 207 (54.1%) fully controlled their TT, 166 (43.3%) had minor TT and 10 (2.6%) had major TT (>5 lashes). There were no differences between participants in the epilation-only, epilation-to-surgery and surgery arm participants in changes in visual acuity and corneal opacity between baseline and four-years.Conclusions/ Significance
Most minor TT participants randomised to the epilation arm continued epilating and controlled their TT. Change in vision and corneal opacity was comparable between surgery and epilation-only participants. This suggests that good quality epilation with regular follow-up is a reasonable second-line alternative to surgery for minor TT for individuals who either decline surgery or do not have immediate access to surgical treatment. 相似文献20.
Zerihun Assefa Astrid Lavens Christophe Steyaert Geert Stangé Geert A. Martens Zhidong Ling Karine Hellemans Daniel Pipeleers 《PloS one》2014,9(1)