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The effects of treatment with varying doses of abrin, a D-galactose binding lectin, on DNA and protein synthesis of normal and Epstein Barr virus-transformed lymphocytes have been investigated. Using data on EBV-transformed lymphocyte cell density as a function of time and dose of abrin, one can demonstrate that the mean number of sites bound/EBV-lymphocyte needed to exert a biological influence upon the cell DNA synthesis lies between 59,264 and 370,000 sites/cell. Using a simple packing model, one can demonstrate that a theoretical estimate places the number of binding sites between 57,600 and 360,000 sites/cells. 相似文献
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Elisabeth Ytteborg Anne Vegusdal P. Eckhard Witten Gerd Marit Berge Harald Takle Tone-Kari Østbye Bente Ruyter 《Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids》2010,1801(2):127-137
The formation and mineralisation of bone are two critical processes in fast-growing Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). The mechanisms of these processes, however, have not been described in detail. Thus, in vitro systems that allow the study of factors that influence bone formation in farmed Atlantic salmon are highly warranted. We describe here a method by which unspecialised primary cells from salmon white muscle can differentiate to osteoblasts in vitro. We have subsequently used the differentiated cells as a model system to study the effects of two factors that influence bone formation in Atlantic salmon under commercial farming conditions, namely polyunsaturated fatty acids, PUFAs, and temperature. Muscle precursor cells changed their morphology from triangular or spindle-shaped cells to polygonal or cubical cells after 3 weeks in osteogenic medium. In addition, gene expression studies showed that marker genes for osteoblastogenesis; alp, col1a1, osteocalcin, bmp2 and bmp4 increased after 3 weeks of incubation in osteogenic media showing that these cells have differentiated to osteoblasts at this stage. Adding CLA or DHA to the osteoblast media resulted in a reduced PGE2 production and increased expression of osteocalcin. Further, temperature studies showed that differentiating osteoblasts are highly sensitive to increased incubation temperature at early stages of differentiation. Our studies show that unspecialised precursor cells isolated from salmon muscle tissue can be caused to differentiate to osteoblasts in vitro. Furthermore, this model system appears to be suitable for the study of osteoblast biology in vitro. 相似文献
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The importance and meaning of social and recreational travel for a diverse group of Auckland residents is explored in this
article. Study participants identified a range of social and health benefits, including maintaining social connections with
family and friends, opportunities to participate in physical activity, and reducing stress. However, many of these trips are
by car. New Zealand has one of the highest rates of private car ownership internationally, low-density urban development,
and a poor public transport infrastructure. Social and recreational trips make up a sizeable proportion of domestic travel
and are contributing to New Zealand’s increasing rate of CO2 emissions. There is an obvious need to address the negative ecological impacts of human activity. Our findings suggest that
alongside strategies to reduce CO2 emissions, it also is important to introduce measures to maintain the benefits from social and recreational travel. Suggestions
are made for further areas of research. 相似文献
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A significant effort is made by the cell to maintain certain phospholipids at specific sites. It is well described that proteins involved in intracellular signaling can be targeted to the plasma membrane and organelles through phospholipid-binding domains. Thus, the accumulation of a specific combination of phospholipids, denoted here as the ‘phospholipid code'', is key in initiating cellular processes. Interestingly, a variety of extracellular proteins and pathogen-derived proteins can also recognize or modify phospholipids to facilitate the recognition of dying cells, tumorigenesis and host–microbe interactions. In this article, we discuss the importance of the phospholipid code in a range of physiological and pathological processes. 相似文献
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