Reconstructing the pollinator community and predicting seed set from hydrocarbon footprints on flowers

The measurement of insect visits to flowers is essential for basic and applied pollination ecology, but is often fraught with difficulty. Floral visitation is highly variable and observational studies are limited in scope due to the considerable time needed to acquire reliable data. Our study investigates whether the analysis of hydrocarbon residues (footprints) deposited by insects during flower visits allows the reconstruction of the visitor community and the prediction of seed set for large numbers of plants. In three consecutive years we recorded bumblebee visitation to wild plants of comfrey, Symphytum officinale, and later used gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) to quantify bumblebee-derived unsaturated hydrocarbons (UHCs) extracted from flowers. The UHCs washed from corollae were most similar to the tarsal UHC profile of the most abundant bumblebee species, Bombus pascuorum, in all 3 years. The species compositions of the bumblebee communities estimated from UHCs on flowers were also similar to those actually observed. There was a significant positive correlation between the observed number of visits by each of three bumblebee species (contributing 3–68% of the flower visits) and the estimated number of visits based on UHC profiles. Furthermore, significant correlations were obtained separately for workers and drones of two species. Seed set of comfrey plants was positively correlated with overall bumblebee visitation and the total amount of UHCs on flowers, suggesting the potential for pollen limitation. We suggest that quantifying cumulative footprint hydrocarbons provides a novel way to assess floral visitation by insects, and that this method can be used to predict seed set in pollen-limited plants.     

The canine isolate Lactobacillus acidophilus LAB20 adheres to intestinal epithelium and attenuates LPS-induced IL-8 secretion of enterocytes in vitro

Background

For a good probiotic candidate, the abilities to adhere to intestinal epithelium and to fortify barrier function are considered to be crucial for colonization and functionality of the strain. The strain Lactobacillus acidophilus LAB20 was isolated from the jejunum of a healthy dog, where it was found to be the most pre-dominant lactobacilli. In this study, the adhesion ability of LAB20 to intestinal epithelial cell (IECs) lines, IECs isolated from canine intestinal biopsies, and to canine, porcine and human intestinal mucus was investigated. Further, we studied the ability of LAB20 to fortify the epithelial cell monolayer and to reduce LPS-induced interleukin (IL-8) release from enterocytes.

Results

We found that LAB20 presented higher adhesion to canine colonic mucus as compared to mucus isolated from porcine colon. LAB20 showed adhesion to HT-29 and Caco-2 cell lines, and importantly also to canine IECs isolated from canine intestinal biopsies. In addition, LAB20 increased the transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) of enterocyte monolayers and thus strengthened the intestinal barrier function. The strain showed also anti-inflammatory capacity in being able to attenuate the LPS-induced IL-8 production of HT-29 cells.

Conclusion

In conclusion, canine indigenous strain LAB20 is a potential probiotic candidate for dogs adhering to the host epithelium and showing intestinal barrier fortifying and anti-inflammatory effects.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-014-0337-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Artspezifische Wachstumsreaktionen einiger Grünalgen auf einen kombinierten DDT-Starklicht-Salzstreß

An Laborkulturen wurde das Zusammenwirken mehrerer ökologisch bedeutsamer Faktoren auf die Produktivität der Grünalgen Chlorella fusca var. vacuolata Shih et Krauss, Coelastrum proboscideum Bohlin und Chlamydomonas sp. untersucht. Mit Hilfe der Kombination von Starklicht sowie von DDT- und NaCl-Zusatz zur Nährlösung wurden Interaktionen natürlicher und anthropogener Faktoren erfaßt. Die Versuchsanstellung wurde dadurch den Freilandbedingungen möglichst angeglichen. DDT, das selbst keine Wachstumsdepressionen auslöste, verstärkte bei Chlamydomonas die Starklichtwirkung, bei Chlorella und Coelastrum die durch NaCl-Zusatz verursachte Wachstumshemmung. Kombinationseffekte zeigten sich auch bezüglich Starklichtschock und NaCl-Zusatz. Lang anhaltende und ausgeprägte Wachstumsverzögerungen wurden beim Zusammenwirken aller drei Faktoren bei jeder der untersuchten Arten beobachtet. Den technischen Assistentinnen Fräulein E. Konz und Frau C. Göls danken wir für die stets zuverlässige Mitarbeit bei der Durchführung der Versuche.     

Biosynthesis of small proteoglycans by hepatic lipocytes in primary culture

Chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate proteoglycans were obtained from the secretions of cultured rat hepatic lipocytes. The collagen-binding small proteoglycan II represented only a minor species (less than 10%), whereas similar amounts of small proteoglycan I and of a novel collagen-binding proteoglycan with a core protein of 101 kDa were found. These results support the concept of a special role of lipocytes in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis.     

Redistribution of actin, profilin and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate in growing and maturing root hairs

The continuously changing polar cytoplasmic organization during initiation and tip growth of root hairs is reflected by a dynamic redistribution of cytoskeletal elements. The small G-actin binding protein, profilin, which is known to be a widely expressed, potent regulator of actin dynamics, was specifically localized at the tip of root hairs and co-distributed with a diffusely fluorescing apical cap of actin, but not with subapical actin microfilament (MF) bundles. Profilin and actin caps were present exclusively in the bulge of outgrowing root hairs and at the apex of elongating root hairs; both disappeared when tip growth terminated, indicating a tip-growth mechanism that involves profilin-actin interactions for the delivery and localized exocytosis of secretory vesicles. Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP₂), a ligand of profilin, was localized almost exclusively in the bulge and, subsequently, formed a weak tip-to-base gradient in the elongating root hairs. When tip growth was eliminated by the MF-disrupting inhibitor cytochalasin D, the apical profilin and the actin fluorescence were lost. Mastoparan, which is known to affect the PIP₂ cycle, probably by stimulating phospholipases, caused the formation of a meshwork of distinct actin MFs replacing the diffuse apical actin cap and, concomittantly, tip growth stopped. This suggests that mastoparan interferes with the PIP₂-regulated profilin-actin interactions and hence disturbs conditions indispensable for the maintenance of tip growth in root hairs. Received: 11 March 1999 / Accepted: 27 May 1999     

Wachstum und Bildung extrazellulärer Polysaccharide in Batch-Kulturen von Porphyridium aerugineum,Rhodophyceae

An batch-Kulturen von P. aerugineum im Algen-Lichtthermostaten und in 5-Liter-Rohren mit Innenbeleuchtung wurde der Einfluß einzelner Nährlösungskomponenten (SO₄-, Mg- und Mn-Gehalt, Tricin- und Tris-Puffer, pH-Wert), sowie von Beleuchtungsstärke und Durchlüftungsintensität auf das Wachstum und auf die Bildung extrazellulärer Polysaccharide untersucht. Beide Prozesse werden durch diese Faktoren verschieden und teils gegensinnig beeinflußt. Als Maß für die Produktion extrazellulärer Polysaccharide diente die Viskosität der Algensuspensionen, für die Wuchsleistung das Trockengewicht. Die für die Bildung extrazellulärer Polysaccharide optimale Sulfatkonzentration der Nährlösung ist doppelt so hoch als die für optimales Wachstum benötigte. Sehr viskose Suspensionen ergeben sich, wenn die molare Mg-Konzentration nur die Hälfte der SO₄-Konzentration des Mediums beträgt. Einseitige Erhöhung der Mg-Konzentration fördert das Wachstum, mindert aber die Bildung extrazellulärer Polysaccharide erheblich. Stark viskositätssenkend bei unverminderter Wuchsleistung wirkt eine Erhöhung des Mn-Gehaltes der Nährlösung. Eine spezifisch viskositätsfördernde Wirkung über die pH-Wirkung hinaus kommt dem Tricingehalt des Mediums zu. Bemerkenswert ist auch das hohe Beleuchtungsoptimum von P. aerugineum. Besonders hohe Wuchsleistungen bei intensiver Produktion extrazellulärer Polysaccharide wurden in den stark belüfteten 5-Liter-Rohren mit Innenbeleuchtung erzielt. Die Ergebnisse werden auch in Hinblick auf eine Möglichkeit zur Gewinnung von gallertigen Wandsubstanzen für industrielle Zwecke diskutiert.     

Referate

Ohne Zusammenfassung