Genomic compatibility occurs over a wide range of parental genetic similarity in an outcrossing plant

The theory of inbreeding and outbreeding suggests that there is a hump-shaped relationship between the genetic similarity of sexually reproducing parents and the performance of their offspring. Inbreeding depression occurs when genetic similarity is high, whereas hybrid breakdown is expected when genetic similarity is low. Between these extremes, the effect of genetic similarity on fitness is unclear. We studied the shape of this relationship by crossing 65 target genotypes of the clonal, self-incompatible Ranunculus reptans with partner genotypes spanning a broad scale of genetic similarity, ranging from crosses within populations to between-population crosses and hybridisation with a closely related species. Offspring were raised in outdoor tubs. Results revealed a quadratic relationship between parental genetic distance and offspring performance, with the clonal component of fitness more strongly hump-shaped than the sexual component. Optimal genetic similarity encompassed a broad range of within-population and between-population crosses. This pattern of genomic compatibility has important implications for the evolution of mating systems and mate choice.     

Untersuchungen über die bewegungsphysiologie der fangorgane am kopf der chätognathen

Zusammenfassung Nach Erläuterung der Morphologie der im Dienste des Beutefanges stehenden Hartteile des Chätognathenkopfes und nach Behandlung der Schwimmbewegungen der Pfeilwürmer nebst Bemerkungen über Art und Wahrnehmung der Nahrungsobjekte wird die allgemeine Wirkungsweise der Kopfbewaffnung beim Nahrungserwerb klargelegt. Den Hauptteil der Untersuchung bildet die funktionell-morphologische Analyse der Bewegungsphänomene am Chätognathenkopf während des Beutefanges. Der Bewegungsablauf des Fangmechanismus wird in fünf Phasen eingeteilt. In den ersten beiden erfolgt das Zurückstreifen der Kopfkappe, die dritte Phase führt zur Fangbereitschaftsstellung, während der beiden letzten laufen die eigentlichen Fangbewegungen ab. Die Untersuchung der Bewegungsvorgänge am Kopf erfolgte fast durchweg an lebenden Tieren, die Darstellung der einzelnen Bewegungsstufen mit Hilfe der Mikrophotographie. Genau analysiert werden die Vorgänge der starken Umformung des Kopfes bei den Fangbewegungen unter Feststellung der beteiligten Muskeln und Skelettelemente des Kopfes, vor allem der Lateralspangen. Die weitgehenden Änderungen der Kopfgestalt in den letzten beiden Phasen erfolgen vorwiegend auf der Ventralseite des Kopfes; infolgedessen erfahren die dorsal gelegenen Organe (Gehirn+ Retrocerebralorgan, Augen und Corona ciliata) relativ geringfügige Verlagerungen, wodurch ihr Funktionieren auch während der komplizierten Fangbewegungen gewährleistet ist. Die jeweilige Lage der Skelettelemente des Kopfes in den einzelnen Bewegungsphasen läßt sich an fixiertem Material, zur Kontrolle und Erweiterung der Ergebnisse der Lebenduntersuchung, durch elektive Färbung mit Kongorot ermitteln.Erklärung der Abkürzungen au Auge - co Corona ciliata - ew epdw dorsaler Epidermiswulst - fc Frontalkonnektiv - gp Punktsubstanz des Oberschlund - h Halsmuskulatur: Musc. rectus colli internus und externus - hz Hinterzähne - jg unfertige Greifhaken - kk Kopfkappe (= Präputium) - krs Kopf-Rumpfseptum - l, ls Lateralspange - m Mundöffnung - mau Musc. adductor uncinorum - mb Musc. bicornis - mcl Musc. complexus lateralis - md Mitteldarm - mol Musc. obliquus capitis longus - mp Musc. protractor praeputii - mtd Musc. transversus dorsalis - p Präputium (= Kopfkappe) - pd dorsale A-förmige Anwachszone des Präputiums - r Rückenpfeiler des Greifhakens - rcm dorsale Mündung des Retrocerebralorgans - s Schneidenpfeiler der Greifhaken - sk Spitzenkurve der Greifhaken - tv Musc. transversus ventraals - v Vestibulum - vd Vorderdarm - veg Vestibulargruben - vew Vestibularwülste - vl ventrale Längsmuskeln - vs Ventralspange - vw Vestibularwülste - vz Vorderzähne     

The first optic ganglion of the bee

Summary The synaptic relationships between and within receptor-cell axons (RCAs), first-order interneurones (L-fibres) and accessory fibres (acc) in the first optic ganglion (the lamina) of the worker bee were studied in serial sections with Golgi-EM and routine transmission electron microscopy. The ommatidium contains nine retinular (photoreceptor) cells all of which project as RCAs to a single optical cartridge in the lamina. Six of the RCAs end as short visual fibres (svf) in the lamina, while the remaining three, the so-called long visual fibres (lvf), pass the lamina and end in the second optic ganglion, the medulla. In addition to the RCAs and an unknown number of accessory fibres, the cartridge also contains four L-fibres (L 1–4). The spatial arrangement of the RCAs and L-fibres within a cartridge is constant throughout the depth of the lamina. Serial sections reveal a great number of chemical synapses interconnecting RCAs, L-and acc fibres. Double T-shaped presynaptic dense projections are surrounded and in close association with either spherical or flattened synaptic vesicles. The finding of gap junctions between and within identified RCAs and L-fibres suggest that these axons may be electronically coupled. A model for information processing in the lamina of the bee is suggested from observations of synaptic connectivity between and within fibres of one cartridge.     

Untersuchungen über die Anatomie und Wasserökologie Einiger Ostseestrandpflanzen

Ohne ZusammenfassungMit 6 Textabbildungen.     

Risk Factors and Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in Five Largest Islands of Indonesia: A Preliminary Study

The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in Indonesia is still controversial and mainly investigated in the largest ethnic group, Javanese. We examined the prevalence of H. pylori infection using four different tests including culture, histology confirmed by immunohistochemistry and rapid urease test. We also analyzed risk factors associated with H. pylori infection in five largest islands in Indonesia. From January 2014–February 2015 we consecutively recruited a total of 267 patients with dyspeptic symptoms in Java, Papua, Sulawesi, Borneo and Sumatera Island. Overall, the prevalence of H. pylori infection was 22.1% (59/267). Papuan, Batak and Buginese ethnics had higher risk for H. pylori infection than Javanese, Dayak and Chinese ethnics (OR = 30.57, 6.31, 4.95; OR = 28.39, 5.81, 4.61 and OR = 23.23, 4.76, 3.77, respectively, P <0.05). The sensitivity and specificity for RUT and culture were 90.2%, 92.9% and 80.5%, 98.2%, respectively. The patients aged 50–59 years group had significantly higher H. pylori infection than 30–39 years group (OR 2.98, P = 0.05). Protestant had significantly higher H. pylori infection rate than that among Catholic (OR 4.42, P = 0.008). It was also significantly lower among peoples who used tap water as source of drinking water than from Wells/river (OR 9.67, P = 0.03). However only ethnics as become independent risk factors for H. pylori infection. Although we confirmed low prevalence of H. pylori in Javanese; predominant ethnic in Indonesia, several ethnic groups had higher risk of H. pylori infection. The age, religion and water source may implicate as a risk factor for H. pylori infection in Indonesia.