Untersuchungen über die Symbiose von Tieren mit Pilzen und Bakterien

Ohne ZusammenfassungDie Arbeit wurde in den Jahren 1934 und 1935 auf Anregung und unter Leitung von Herrn Prof. Dr. W. Schwartz ausgeführt.     

Mucin-derived O-glycans supplemented to diet mitigate diverse microbiota perturbations

Microbiota-accessible carbohydrates (MACs) are powerful modulators of microbiota composition and function. These substrates are often derived from diet, such as complex polysaccharides from plants or human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) during breastfeeding. Host-derived mucus glycans on gut-secreted mucin proteins serve as a continuous endogenous source of MACs for resident microbes; here we investigate the potential role of purified, orally administered mucus glycans in maintaining a healthy microbial community. In this study, we liberated and purified O-linked glycans from porcine gastric mucin and assessed their efficacy in shaping the recovery of a perturbed microbiota in a mouse model. We found that porcine mucin glycans (PMGs) and HMOs enrich for taxonomically similar resident microbes. We demonstrate that PMGs aid recovery of the microbiota after antibiotic treatment, suppress Clostridium difficile abundance, delay the onset of diet-induced obesity, and increase the relative abundance of resident Akkermansia muciniphila. In silico analysis revealed that genes associated with mucus utilization are abundant and diverse in prevalent gut commensals and rare in enteric pathogens, consistent with these glycan-degrading capabilities being selected for during host development and throughout the evolution of the host–microbe relationship. Importantly, we identify mucus glycans as a novel class of prebiotic compounds that can be used to mitigate perturbations to the microbiota and provide benefits to host physiology.Subject terms: Microbial ecology, Diseases     

Preparation and properties of a nucleosomal particle containing 180 base pairs of DNA

If chromatin from chicken erythrocytes is enzymatically degraded in the presence of histone H5, nucleosomal DNA usually exceeds the size of 140 base pairs. Conditions are derived allowing the isolation of a 180 base pair particle which is subsequently characterized by histone binding and thermal denaturation studies. Association of H5 to such a particle is cooperative and occurs with a larger affinity than binding to specimens in the range of 140– 170 base pairs. Thermal denaduration studies show that some of the extra DNA participates in the main transition at 74°C (1 mm Na-cacodylate) indicating a tight binding to the histone core. Another part of the extra segment is loosely associated with the core but also distinct from free DNA.     

Cooperative exposure of histone H3 thiols in core particles

The kinetics of thiol modification of histone H3 from chicken erythrocyte nuclei with the fluorogenic compound N-[p-(2-benzimidazolyl)phenyl]maleimide was determined at pH 5.5 and 2°C. Comparative experiments were performed with H3 in the natural mixture of the other histones (whole histone), assembled in the nucleosomal and in H2a/H2b depleted core particles. Exposure of the H3 thiols in core particles occurs within a rather narrow NaCl concentration range. The transition midpoint is shifted to lower ionic strength with decreasing core particle concentration and with increasing concentration of ethidium bromide added. The results presented permit the following conclusions about the disassembly process of core particles. Release of the H2a/H2b pairs at 0.5–0.7 m NaCl is not directly correlated with an exposure of H3 thiols. Exposure occurs at around 0.1 m NaCl and starts with a rather fast conformational transition of the depleted core followed by histone-DNA dissociation. Comparative experiments exploring the air mediated oxidation of thiols and the reactivity of lysine side chains with fluorescamine illustrate that the thiol exposure is a rather distinct event in core particle disassembly.