Selective diapedesis of Th1 cells induced by endothelial cell RANTES.

Differentiated CD4 T cells can be divided into Th1 and Th2 types based on the cytokines they produce. Differential expression of chemokine receptors on either the Th1-type or the Th2-type cell suggests that Th1-type and Th2-type cells differ not only in cytokine production but also in their migratory capacity. Stimulation of endothelial cells with IFN-gamma selectively enhanced transmigration of Th1-type cells, but not Th2-type cells, in a transendothelial migration assay. Enhanced transmigration of Th1-type cells was dependent on the chemokine RANTES produced by endothelial cells, as indicated by the findings that Ab neutralizing RANTES, or Ab to its receptor CCR5, inhibited transmigration. Neutralizing Ab to chemokines macrophage-inflammatory protein-1alpha or monocyte chemotactic protein-1 did not inhibit Th1 selective migration. Whereas anti-CD18 and anti-CD54 blocked basal levels of Th1-type cell adherence to endothelial cells and also inhibited transmigration, anti-RANTES blocked only transmigration, indicating that RANTES appeared to induce transmigration of adherent T cells. RANTES seemed to promote diapedesis of adherent Th1-type cells by augmenting pseudopod formation in conjunction with actin rearrangement by a pathway that was sensitive to the phosphoinositol 3-kinase inhibitor wortmannin and to the Rho GTP-binding protein inhibitor, epidermal cell differentiation inhibitor. Thus, enhancement of Th1-type selective migration appeared to be responsible for the diapedesis induced by interaction between CCR5 on Th1-type cells and RANTES produced by endothelial cells. Further evidence that CCR5 and RANTES play a modulatory role in Th1-type selective migration derives from the abrogation of this migration by anti-RANTES and anti-CCR5 Abs.     

Roles of surface electrochemistry and macromolecular adsorption in heparin-induced red blood cell aggregation

Red blood cell (RBC) aggregation in heparin-saline solution was quantified by microscopic observation. The adsorption isotherms of heparin onto normal and neuraminidase-treated RBC surfaces were determined by radioactive heparin labeled with 125I-Bolton-Hunter Reagent. RBC aggregation by heparin requires the presence of sialic acids at cell surface and was enhanced by reduction of ionic strength of the suspending medium. Adsorption of heparin onto RBC surface was increased by removal of sialic acids. These findings not only serve to elucidate the basic mechanism of cell-cell interaction mediated by negatively charged macromolecules, but also provide experimental evidence for the possible conformational change of macromolecules at the charged surface.     

Ellesmeris sphenopteroides,gen. ET SP. NOV., a new zygopterid fern from the Upper Devonian (Frasnian) of Ellesmere,N.W.T., Arctic Canada

A new fern-like fossil plant is described from the lower Upper Devonian of southern Ellesmere Island, Canadian Arctic Archipelago. The plant occurs in an Archaeopteris-dominated flora preserved in the Nordstrand Point Formation (Mid-Late Frasnian) near Bird Fiord. The plant has a pinnate vegetative system with three branch orders and laminate sphenopteroid pinnules. Primary pinnae usually diverge from the main axis in distichous pairs (quadriseriate), but can depart singly (biseriate). Each primary pinna bears a basal catadromic aphlebia. Anatomically, the plant exhibits a mesarch, bipolar protostele that is ribbon- to clepsydropsoid-shaped in the main axis. Primary pinna traces are also initially bipolar and crescent-shaped, but may become four-ribbed before dividing into a pair of bipolar traces. The morphology and anatomy of this plant are nongymnospermous and are most similar to Zygopteridales (particularly Rhacophytaceae and Zygopteridaceae). The Frasnian age of Ellesmeris shows that laminated foliage had evolved in some zygopterid ferns much earlier than previously recognized. The Sphenopteris-like pinnules of Ellesmeris indicate the need for caution when attributing such a convergent foliar design to other plant groups, such as the Devonian gymnosperms.     

Neuronal pathways from low-threshold muscle and cutaneous afferents innervating tail to trunk muscle motoneurons in the cat

We studied neuronal pathways from low-threshold muscle (group I, II) and cutaneous afferents (group A(alpha)beta) innervating the tail to motoneurons innervating trunk muscles (m. iliocostalis lumborum and m. obliquus externus abdominus) in 18 spinalized cats. Stimulation of group I muscle afferents produced excitatory postsynaptic potentials or excitatory postsynaptic potentials followed by inhibitory postsynaptic potentials in all motoneurons innervating the m. iliocostalis lumborum which showed effects (32%), and predominantly inhibitory postsynaptic potentials in motoneurons innervating the m. obliquus externus abdominus (47%). Stimulation of group I+II afferents produced significant increases of the incidence of motoneurons showing postsynaptic potentials (the notoneurons innervating the m. iliocostalis lumborum, 87%; the motoneurons innervating the m. obliquus externus abdominus, 82%). The effects of low threshold cutaneous afferents were bilateral, predominantly producing inhibitory postsynaptic potentials in motoneurons innervating both muscles. These results suggest that neuronal pathways from muscle afferents to back muscle motoneurons mainly increase the stiffness of the trunk to maintain its stability, while those to abdominal muscles help to extend the dorsal column by decreasing their activities. The results also indicate that neuronal pathways from cutaneous afferents to trunk motoneurons functionallY disconnect the tail from the trunk.     

Systemic delivery of an adenovirus expressing EBV-derived vIL-10 in mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni or Leishmania amazonensis: controversial effects on the development of pathological parameters.

Within the context of microorganism/host interactions, those which last over weeks are expected to be sensitive to more or less sustained and targeted immuno-intervention, such as delivery of cytokines known to operate as down-regulators of acute inflammatory processes. IL-10 has received growing attention as a potential tool in immunotherapy, due to its anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties. Therefore, using two experimental models of long-term interactions between parasites and laboratory mice, we monitored some effects of the systemic delivery of an adenovirus (Ad) expressing EBV-derived IL-10 (vIL-10) designated Ad-vIL-10. We first monitored the vIL-10 serum level following intranasal, intraperitoneal, intramuscular and intravenous administration. The i. p. and i.v. delivery of Ad-vIL-10 allowed a high serum level of vIL-10 (= 100 ng/ml), the i.v. route leading to a more sustained expression (up to 3 weeks). As a first model of parasite/mouse interaction, Schistosoma mansoni/C57Bl/6 mouse was selected. Ad-vIL-10 delivery was performed 4 weeks after S. mansoni infection i.e. at the time of egg-laying, and several parameters were monitored: (i) number of adult worms in the mesenteric vein, (ii) number of eggs trapped in the liver and intestine, (iii) liver fibrosis, (iv) serum levels of egg-reactive antibody subclasses, (v) serum content of cytokines, and (vi) cytokine production in the supernatant of antigen-stimulated mesenteric lymph node cells. No apparent effect was observed, either on the different parasitological parameters or on fibrosis development at day 70 of infection. Surprisingly, a marked increase in both Th1 and Th2 type cytokines was observed in the sera of the Ad-vIL-10 injected animals, as well as in the supernatants of their Ag-stimulated mesenteric lymph node cells. Nevertheless, polarization of the humoral response towards a Th2 profile was demonstrated by an increase in the IgE level in the Ad-vIL-10-injected animals. As far as the second model is concerned, namely the Leishmania amazonensis /C57Bl6 mouse interactions, Ad-vIL-10 was delivered intravenously one day before subcutaneous injection of stationary promastigotes and footpad swelling was monitored over 110 days. Under these conditions, vIL-10 exhibited a biphasic effect, decreasing the lesion size at the early stages of infection, but leading to a more pronounced lesion size during the chronic phase. This observation suggests a deactivation of the macrophage host cells under the influence of vIL-10. The results are discussed in the context of immunotherapy and the paradoxical effects observed in immunointervention with vIL-10.     

Plantlet regeneration via somatic embryogenesis in anther callus of Vitis latifolia L.

Anthers of Vitis latifolia L. (wild grape) cultured on Nitsch and Nitsch medium supplemented with 20 μM 2,4-D and 9 μM BAP produced callus after 4–6 weeks. Subculture of callus onto Nitsch and Nitsch medium containing 10 μM NAA produced somatic embryos within 6 weeks. On growth regulator-free Nitsch and Nitsch basal medium somatic embryos converted to plantlets in 6–8 weeks. One gram of callus produced more than 400 somatic embryos with 13.7% being converted to complete plantlets, which were subsequently established in soil. Regenerated plants were found to have mixoploid populations of cells, 2n = 38 and n = 19. Received: 23 May 1998 / Revision received: 21 September 1998 / Accepted: 10 October 1998