湖北省潜水蜂一新种（膜翅目：潜水蜂科）

潜水蜂属Agriotypus Curtis全世界共报道8种,其中我国已知4种。本文新添一采自湖北省房县的新种:郑氏潜水蜂A.zhengi sp.nov。     

高粱抗高粱蚜的生化基础

高粱中的可溶性总氮、可溶性总糖和绝大部分游离氨基酸,特别是必需氨基酸,在感性品种中的含量显著地比抗性品种中的含量高.感性品种叶液微偏酸,抗性品种近中性.多元回归分析表明,高梁对高粱蚜Melanaphis sacchari(Zehntner)的抗性与可溶性总氮、可溶性总糖和游离氨基酸的含量呈反相关.     

水分胁迫导致小麦叶片光合作用下降的非气孔因素

小麦幼苗根部在不同渗透势溶液(PEG4000)中经受不同时间胁迫,叶片的RWC和水势下降、膜的RP、R_s和C_i升高。同时P_n下降。它还使叶肉细胞内的叶绿体排列发生紊乱、膜受到破坏、基粒间的连接松驰或消失、类囊体片层肿胀和解体、脂质小球增多和淀粉粒消失。相应地叶片的RuBPC活性下降和GO活性升高,从而促进了C_i的累积。此外MDA含量增多是自由基诱发脂质过氧化的结果。这些非气孔因素可能是造成小麦光合作用下降的重要原因。     

Isolation and identification of 23,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, an in vivo metabolite of vitamin D3

Vitamin D supplemented rats produce a metabolite of 25-hydroxy[3 alpha-3H]vitamin D3 that is easily separated from known metabolites by using high-performance liquid chromatography. The production of this metabolite in vivo as well as 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, 24(R),25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 26,23-lactone is largely if not totally eliminated by nephrectomy. Kidney homogenates from vitamin D supplemented chickens incubated with 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 produce significant quantities of the new, unknown metabolite. This metabolite was isolated in pure form from such incubation mixtures by using both straight-phase and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. This metabolite has been positively identified as 23,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 by ultraviolet absorption spectrophotometry, mass spectrometry, and derivatization. This structure was confirmed by chemical synthesis of both C-23 stereoisomers. Although the natural product exactly comigrates with one of the synthetic isomers, the exact stereochemistry of the natural product remains unknown. It is possible that this new metabolite is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 26,23-lactone.     

Continuous enzymatic transformation in an enzyme membrane reactor with simultaneous NAD(H) regeneration

Multienzyme reaction systems with simultaneous coenzyme regeneration have been investigated in a continuously operated membrane reactor at bench scale. NAD(H) covalently bound to polyethylene glycol with a molecular weight of 10⁴ [PEG-10,000-NAD(H)] was used as coenzyme. It could be retained in the membrane reactor together with the enzymes. L -leucine dehydrogenase (LEUDH) was used as catalyze for the reductive amination of α-ketoisocaproate (2-oxo-4-methylpentanoic acid) to L -leucine. Format dehydrogenease (FDH) was used for the regeneration of NADH. Kinetic experiments were carried out to obtain data which could be used in a kinetic model in order to predict the performance of an enzyme membrane reactor for the continuous production of L -leucine. The kinetic constants V_max and K_m of enzymes are all in the same range regardless of whether native NAD(H) or PEG-10,000-NAD(H) is used as coenzyme. L -leucine was produced continuously out of α-ketoisocaproate for 48 days; a maximal conversion of 99.7% was reached. The space-time yield was 324 mmol/L day (or 42.5 g/L day).     

A MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THROMBOPOIESIS IN RATS

A mathematical model of thrombopoiesis in rats is presented. This has four compartments; stem cells, megakaryocytes, thrombocytes and thrombopoietin. A high thrombopoietin concentration influences bone marrow proliferation in three ways. Firstly the stem cells are stimulated and a slow increase in megakaryocyte number follows. Secondly there are additional endomitoses in the (early) megakaryocytes resulting in an increase in megakaryocyte volume. Thirdly the megakaryocyte maturation time is shortened. The parameters of the model are determined from experimental values for the normal, maximum and minimum proliferation rates, maturation times and destruction rates. The model is tested by comparing simulated results for acute and chronic thrombocytopenia and thrombocytosis with experimental curves from the literature. The model and data agree within the limits of experimental error. Not all of the thrombopoietic regulatory system is known yet, so some important alternative hypotheses are investigated and compared with the model. Several hypotheses have been excluded in this way.     

The HIV epidemic in China： history, response, and challenge

The first case of AIDS was reported in 1985 in China, but by the early 21st century, the government estimated that there were 840,000 citizens living with HIV/AIDS. The number is increasing rapidly. The major risk groups are injection drug users （IDUSs; 43%） and former plasma donors （27%）, but rates among heterosexual groups are rising rapidly. Sentinel surveillance was initiated in 1986, and now includes IDUs, men-who-have-sex-with-men, sexually transmitted disease clinic attendees, antenatal women, long-distance truck drivers, and sex workers. Although the government was slow to respond to the epidemic in the late 20th century, it has made a vigorous response in the early 21st century. Components of that response include implementation and evaluation of harm reduction programs for IDUs, education to increase knowledge and reduce stigma, treatment and social support for rural and poor HIV/AIDS patients, widespread testing, and increased funding for HIV/AIDS programs. International agencies have been generous in their support of the government initiatives. To successfully combat the epidemic, China needs to develop and train the necessary infrastructure to implement its intervention programs, particularly in the rural areas, to vigorously combat stigma and discrimination, support research especially in the universities and research institutions other than the China Centers for Disease Control, develop a system for efficient exchange of research and program information, and update legislation to reflect the current situation.     

Process‐based functions for seed retention on animals: a test of improved descriptions of dispersal using multiple data sets

Studies of external seed transport on animals usually assume that the probability of detachment is constant, so that seed retention should show a simple exponential relationship with time. This assumption has not been tested explicitly, and may lead to inaccurate representation of long distance seed dispersal by animals. We test the assumption by comparing the fit to empirical data of simple, two‐parameter functions. Fifty‐two data sets were obtained from five published studies, describing seed retention of 32 plant species on sheep, cattle, deer, goats and mice. Model selection suggested a simple exponential function was adequate for data sets in which seed retention was followed for short periods ( <48 h). The data gathered over longer periods (49–219 days) were best described by the power exponential function, a form of the stretched exponential which allows a changing dropping rate. In these cases the power exponential showed that seed dropping rate decreased with time, suggesting that seeds vary in attachment, with some seeds becoming deeply buried or wound up in the animal's coat. Comparison of fitted parameters across all the data sets also confirmed that seeds with adhesive structures have lower dropping rates than those without. We conclude that the seed dropping rate often changes with time during external transport on animals and that the power exponential is an effective function to describe this change. We advise that, to analyse seed dropping rates adequately, retention should be measured over reasonable time periods – until most seeds are dropped – and both the simple and power exponential functions should be fitted to the resulting data. To increase its utility, we provide functions describing the seed dropping rate and the dispersal kernel resulting from the power exponential relationship.     

编者按

正《2021年阿尔茨海默病事实和数据》(Alzheimer's Association)强调了阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease,AD)是最常见的痴呆症.伴随人类老龄化的日益严重,AD已被列为美国的第六大死因,在我国已成为第五大死因,且死亡率呈逐年上升趋势.《2019年世界阿尔茨海默病报告:对痴呆症的态度》估计全球有超过5 000万人患有痴呆症,预计到2050年,这个数字可能增加到1.52亿[1].