全文获取类型
收费全文 | 2648篇 |
免费 | 253篇 |
国内免费 | 201篇 |
专业分类
3102篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 9篇 |
2023年 | 43篇 |
2022年 | 98篇 |
2021年 | 152篇 |
2020年 | 93篇 |
2019年 | 112篇 |
2018年 | 118篇 |
2017年 | 101篇 |
2016年 | 150篇 |
2015年 | 192篇 |
2014年 | 187篇 |
2013年 | 202篇 |
2012年 | 255篇 |
2011年 | 208篇 |
2010年 | 131篇 |
2009年 | 90篇 |
2008年 | 128篇 |
2007年 | 127篇 |
2006年 | 88篇 |
2005年 | 85篇 |
2004年 | 65篇 |
2003年 | 65篇 |
2002年 | 50篇 |
2001年 | 45篇 |
2000年 | 37篇 |
1999年 | 35篇 |
1998年 | 25篇 |
1997年 | 24篇 |
1996年 | 33篇 |
1995年 | 23篇 |
1994年 | 17篇 |
1993年 | 13篇 |
1992年 | 16篇 |
1991年 | 10篇 |
1990年 | 14篇 |
1989年 | 5篇 |
1988年 | 7篇 |
1987年 | 13篇 |
1986年 | 6篇 |
1985年 | 7篇 |
1984年 | 4篇 |
1983年 | 3篇 |
1978年 | 1篇 |
1977年 | 2篇 |
1975年 | 3篇 |
1974年 | 2篇 |
1971年 | 2篇 |
1969年 | 1篇 |
1968年 | 1篇 |
1965年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有3102条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
101.
Xi-Tao Yang Dong-Chao Pan Er-Tao Chen Yong-Yan Bi Dong-Fu Feng 《Neurochemical research》2013,38(10):1996-2008
Stromal cell-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α) plays an important role after injury. However, little is known regarding its temporal and spatial expression patterns or how it interacts with glial cells after optic nerve crush injury. We characterized the temporal and spatial expression pattern of SDF-1α in the retina and optic nerve following optic nerve crush and demonstrated that SDF-1α is localized to the glial cells that are distributed in the retina and optic nerve. CXCR4, the receptor for SDF-1α, is expressed along the ganglion cell layer (GCL). The relative expression levels of Sdf-1α mRNA and SDF-1α protein in the retina and optic nerve 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10 and 14 days after injury were determined using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively, and the Cxcr4 mRNA expression was determined using real-time PCR. Immunofluorescence and immunohistochemical approaches were used to detect the localization of SDF-1α and CXCR4 after injury. The upregulation of Sdf-1α and Cxcr4 mRNA was detected as early as day one after injury in the retina and day two in the optic nerve, the expression peaks 5–7 days after injury. The expression of Sdf-1α and Cxcr4 mRNA was maintained for at least 14 days after the optic nerve crush injury. Furthermore, SDF-1α-positive zones were distributed locally in the reactive glial cells, which suggested potential autocrine stimulation. CXCR4 was mainly expressed in the GCL, which was also adjacent to the the glial cells. These findings suggest that following optic nerve crush, the levels of endogenous SDF-1α and CXCR4 increase in the retina and optic nerve, where activated glial cells may act as a source of increased SDF-1α protein. 相似文献
102.
L. H. Wu Y. J. Liu S. B. Zhou F. G. Guo D. Bi X. H. Guo A. J. M. Baker J. A. C. Smith Y. M. Luo 《Plant Systematics and Evolution》2013,299(3):487-498
Sedum plumbizincicola X.H. Guo et S.B. Zhou ex L.H. Wu (Crassulaceae), a new species restricted to lead–zinc mining areas in Zhejiang Province, China, is described and illustrated. This taxon belongs to sect. Sedum (H. Ohba) S.H. Fu based on the adaxially gibbous carpels and follicles. It superficially resembles S. alfredii Hance and three other Sedum species found in the same area, but differs from these other taxa in bearing 4-merous flowers. Differences in geographical distribution, growth habit, phenology, macromorphology, leaf and stem anatomy, as well as seed micromorphology among S. plumbizincicola, S. alfredii and other related taxa in the genus Sedum are also reported. nrDNA internal transcribed spacers (ITS) sequences from seven populations of S. plumbizincicola support the recognition of this as a taxonomic entity distinct from S. alfredii. 相似文献
103.
In this article, surface coatings derived from homo-bifunctional tri(ethylene glycol) (EG3) and hexa(ethylene glycol) (EG6) molecules which have two terminal aldehyde groups are reported. These homo-bifunctional molecules can be used to functionalize amine-terminated surfaces through crosslinking one aldehyde group to surface amine groups, while leaving the other aldehyde group available for covalent immobilization of proteins. Best of all, after reducing remaining aldehyde groups on the surface with a reducing agent, sodium borohydride, the surface becomes oligo(ethylene glycol) (OEG)-terminated. The OEG-terminated surface can resist nonspecific protein adsorption, a feature that is often required for many biosensors and biomedical devices. Although some mixed self-assembled monolayers formed from two different organothiols also permit covalent protein immobilization and resist nonspecific protein adsorption, the procedure reported herein requires only one type of homo-bifunctional molecule and can be applied to both silicon and gold surfaces. 相似文献
104.
Wentao Ma 《Journal of biomolecular structure & dynamics》2013,31(4):623-625
Abstract The crystal structure of the deoxyoctamer d(G-G-Br U-A-BrU-A-C-C) was refined to a resolution of 1.7Å using combined diffractometer and synchrotron data. The analysis was carried out independently in two laboratories using different procedures. Although the final results are identical the comparison of the two approaches highlights potential problems in the refinement of oligonucleotides when only limited data are available. As part of the analysis the positions of 84 solvent molecules in the asymmetric unit were established. The DNA molecule is highly solvated, particularly the phosphate-sugar backbone and the functional groups of the bases. The major groove contains, in the central BrU-A-BrU-A region, a ribbon of water molecules forming closed pentagons with shared edges. These water molecules are linked to the base O and N atoms and to the solvent chains connecting the O-1 phosphate oxygen atoms on each strand. The minor groove is also extensively hydrated with a continuous network in the central region and other networks at each end. The pattern of hydration is briefly compared with that observed in the crystal structure of a B-dodecamer. 相似文献
105.
106.
Huahua Wang Junjun Huang Weihong Liang Xiaolei Liang Yurong Bi 《Plant and Soil》2013,366(1-2):479-490
Background and Aims
Polyamines and nitric oxide (NO) are two important molecules modulating numerous environment stresses in plants. This study was to investigate the roles of polyamines and NO in aluminum (Al) tolerance in red kidney bean.Methods
The interaction between putrescine (Put) and NO under Al stress was examined. NO donor and scavenger were used to further examine the role of NO in Al-induced citrate secretion from roots by high performance liquid chromatography.Results
Al stress caused increase of endogenous free Put, and exogenous Put alleviated Al-induced inhibition of root elongation and Al accumulation. In addition, Put induced NO production and nitrate reductase (NR) activity under Al stress. Al- and Put-induced NO production could be reversed by NR inhibitor. Furthermore, Al stress stimulated citrate secretion from roots, and this response was stimulated by NO donor, whereas NO scavenger inhibited Al-induced citrate secretion from roots. Concomitantly, NO donor reduced Al accumulation in root apexes, while NO scavenger further enhanced Al accumulation. Al-induced inhibition of root growth was significantly improved by exogenous citrate treatment.Conclusions
Put and NO enhanced Al tolerance by modulating citrate secretion from roots, and NO may act downstream of Put in red kidney bean under Al stress. 相似文献107.
Faming Wang Weixing Zhu Bi Zou Deborah A. Neher Shenglei Fu Hanping Xia Zhian Li 《Plant and Soil》2013,364(1-2):207-218
Background and aims
The relationship between tree species and soil nutrient availability is critical for evaluating plantation succession and promoting forest restoration. This study was conducted to evaluate the impact of exotic and native tress species on soil nutrient availability.Methods
Four exotic species (Eucalyptus urophylla, E. tereticornis, Acaia auriculaeformis, A. mangium) and four native species (Castanopsis fissa, Schima superba, C. hystrix, Michelia macclurei) were planted and grown for one-year. Soil solution (DOC, DON, NH4?N, NO3?N) was sampled and analyzed during the study. After the experiment, soil properties were determined, and plant tissues were analyzed.Results
DOC levels were greater in soils with trees planted than controls without trees. Compared to native species, exotic species had much faster growth rates and greatly reduced DON and NO3?N concentrations. Exotic species always had less P concentrations in leaves and stems than native species. Furthermore, N-fixing A. auriculaeformis led to greater soil available P compared to other species.Conclusions
Based on these findings, we provide some recommendations for afforestation practice. This study highlights that a better understanding of the pros and cons of exotic species would be beneficial to advance afforestation in China and the world. 相似文献108.
Jingyu Wang Wen Liu Wentao Ding Guochang Zhang Jingjing Liu 《Biotechnology letters》2013,35(11):1859-1864
We have investigated whether simultaneous modification of cofactor metabolism and glycerol in a strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae can eliminate glycerol synthesis during ethanol production. Two strains, S812 (gpd1Δ gpd2Δ PGK1p-GLT1) and LE17 (gpd1Δ gpd2Δ PGK1p-GLT1 PGKp-STL1) were generated that showed a 8 and 8.2 % increase in the ethanol yield, respectively, compared to the wild type KAM-2 strain. The ethanol titer was improved from 90.4 g/l for KAM-2 to 97.6 g/l for S812 and 97.8 g/l for LE17, respectively. These results provide a new insight into rationalization of metabolic engineering strategies for improvement of ethanol yield through elimination of glycerol production. 相似文献
109.
Multiphasic triacylglycerol dynamics in the intact heart during acute in vivo overexpression of CD36
Andrew N. Carley Jian Bi Xuerong Wang Natasha H. Banke Jason R. B. Dyck J. Michael O'Donnell E. Douglas Lewandowski 《Journal of lipid research》2013,54(1):97-106
Cardiac triacylglycerol (TAG) stores buffer the intracellular availability of long chain fatty acid (LCFA) that act as nuclear receptor ligands, substrate for lipotoxic derivatives, and high energy-yield fuel. The kinetic characteristics of TAG turnover and homeostatic mechanisms linking uptake and storage dynamics in hearts have until now remained elusive. This work examines TAG pool dynamics in the intact beating heart, under normal conditions and in response to acute gene expression-induced changes in CD36. Dynamic mode 13C NMR elucidated multiple kinetic processes in 13C-palmitate incorporation into TAG: an initial, saturable exponential component and a slower linear rate. Although previous work indicates the linear component to reflect TAG turnover, we hypothesized the saturable exponential to reflect transport of LCFA across the sarcolemma. Thus, we overexpressed the LCFA transporter CD36 through cardiac-specific adenoviral infection in vivo. Within 72 h, CD36 expression was increased 40% in intact hearts, accelerating the exponential phase relative to PBS-infused hearts. TAG turnover also increased with elevations in adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and a modest increase in diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1), without a significant expansion of the intracellular lipid pools. The results demonstrate a dynamic system of reciprocal gene regulation that couples saturable LCFA uptake across the sarcolemma to TAG synthesis/lipolysis rates. 相似文献
110.