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71.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) poses a serious problem in dairy animals suffering from mastitis. In the present study, the distribution of mastitic
MRSA and antibiotic resistance was studied in 107 strains of S. aureus isolated from milk samples from 195 infected udders. The characterizations pathogenic factors (adhesin and toxin genes) and
antibiotic susceptibility of isolates were carried out using gene amplification and disc diffusion assays, respectively. A
high prevalence of MRSA was observed in the tested isolates (13.1%). The isolates were also highly resistant to antibiotics,
i.e. 36.4% were resistant to streptomycin, 33.6% to oxytetracycline, 29.9% to gentamicin and 26.2% each to chloramphenicol,
pristinomycin and ciprofloxacin. A significant variation in the expression of pathogenic factors (Ig, coa and clf) was observed in these isolates. The overall distribution of adhesin genes ebp, fib, bbp, fnbB, cap5, cap8, map and cna in the isolates was found to be 69.1, 67.2, 6.5, 20.5, 60.7, 26.1, 81.3 and 8.4%, respectively. The presence of fib, fnbB, bbp and map genes was considerably greater in MRSA than in methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) isolates. The proportions of toxin genes, namely, hlb, seb, sec, sed, seg and sei, in the isolates were found to be 94.3, 0.9, 8.4, 0.9, 10.2 and 49.5%, respectively. The proportions of agr genes I, II, III and IV were found to be 39.2, 27.1, 21.5 and 12.1%, respectively. A few isolates showed similar antibiotic-resistance
patterns, which could be due to identical strains or the dissemination of the same strains among animals. These findings can
be utilized in mastitis treatment programmes and antimicrobials strategies in organized herds. 相似文献
72.
Annual methane uptake by temperate semiarid steppes as regulated by stocking rates,aboveground plant biomass and topsoil air permeability 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
WEIWEI CHEN BENJAMIN WOLF XUNHUA ZHENG ZHISHENG YAO KLAUS BUTTERBACH‐BAHL NICOLAS BRÜGGEMANN CHUNYAN LIU SHENGHUI HAN XINGGUO HAN 《Global Change Biology》2011,17(9):2803-2816
Overgrazing‐induced degradation of temperate semiarid steppes may affect the soil sink for atmospheric methane (CH4). However, previous studies have primarily focused on the growing season and on single grazing patterns. Thus, the response of annual CH4 uptake by steppes compared with various grazing practices is uncertain. In this study, we investigated the effects of grazing on the annual CH4 uptake by two typical Eurasian semiarid steppes (the Stipa grandis steppe and the Leymus chinensis steppe) located in Inner Mongolia, China. The CH4 fluxes were measured year‐round using static chambers and gas chromatography at 12 field sites that differed primarily in grazing intensities. Our results indicated that steppe soils were CH4 sinks throughout the year. The annual CH4 uptake correlated with stocking rates, whereas the seasonality of CH4 uptake was primarily dominated by temperature. The annual CH4 uptake at all sites averaged 3.7±0.7 kg C ha?1 yr?1 (range: 2.3–4.5), where approximately 35% (range: 23–40%) occurred during the nongrowing season. Light‐to‐moderate grazing (stocking rate≤1 sheep ha?1 yr?1) did not significantly change the annual CH4 uptake compared with ungrazed steppes, but heavy grazing reduced annual CH4 uptake significantly (by 24–31%, P<0.05). These findings imply that easing the pressure of heavily grazed steppes (e.g. moving to light or moderate stocking rates) would help restore steppe soil sinks for atmospheric CH4. The empirical equations based on the significant relationships between annual CH4 uptake and stocking rates, aboveground plant biomass and topsoil air permeability (P<0.01) could provide simple approaches for the estimation of regional CH4 uptake by temperate semiarid steppes. 相似文献
73.
74.
NICOLAS GOUDEMAND MICHAEL J. ORCHARD PAUL TAFFOREAU SEVERINE URDY THOMAS BRÜHWILER ARNAUD BRAYARD THOMAS GALFETTI HUGO BUCHER 《Palaeontology》2012,55(5):1021-1034
Abstract: Several fused clusters of conodont elements of the genera Neospathodus and Novispathodus were recovered from limestone beds at the Dienerian–Smithian and Smithian–Spathian boundaries, respectively, from several localities in Guangxi province, South China. Conodont clusters are otherwise extremely rare in the Triassic, and these are first described for the Early Triassic. The exceptional specimens partially preserve the relative three‐dimensional position and orientation of ramiform elements and are therefore extremely important for testing hypotheses on the architecture of apparatuses. These specimens partly confirm the previous reconstruction of the Novispathodus apparatus by Orchard. Within apparatuses of members of superfamily Gondolelloidea, elements previously identified as occupying the S1 and S2 positions instead occupy the S2 and S1 positions. Similarly, within apparatuses of members of the subfamily Novispathodinae, elements previously referred to S3 and S4 positions are reinterpreted to have occupied S4 and S3 positions, respectively. 相似文献
75.
Wenner CE 《Journal of cellular physiology》2012,227(2):450-456
Knowledge of re-programming in cancer cells with metabolic differences from their normal counterparts has resulted in new examination of therapeutic approaches. Several studies of the role of tumor mitochondria in cancer have led to the development of non-genotoxic therapies which target mitochondrial proteins, function. The now well-established functions of mitochondria in apoptosis provide novel targets for tumor cell suicide. Mitochondria serve as a central hub for responses to cellular stress as well as injury. The alterations in cancer cells which result in protection from apoptosis can be targeted to inhibit proliferation. Because of the reprogramming of cancer cell metabolism involving increased glycolysis, it appears that blocking InsP(3)R Ca(2+) release or adaptive pathways in response to hypoxia by targeting HIF-1 or metabolic enzymes encoded by the HIF-1 gene represents a feasible therapeutic approach to cancer. A very early in vitro event found in tumor cells following resveratrol addition is an increase in intracellular Ca(2+), measurable within seconds. Ca(2+) release is also observed with non-toxic flavonoids and a goal to identify the sentinel targets of resveratrol as a model compound involved in calcium activation seems worthwhile. New findings of the relationship between autophagy and apoptosis are discussed. The contribution of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by mitochondria is also considered. New data as to how cyclophilins and VDAC are involved in mitochondrial hexokinase protection of factors that induce apoptosis are reviewed. In addition, chemotherapeutic approaches based on Akt-activated mTORC1 are described, and their relationship to the role of aerobic glycolysis in this protection. 相似文献
76.
York B Reineke EL Sagen JV Nikolai BC Zhou S Louet JF Chopra AR Chen X Reed G Noebels J Adesina AM Yu H Wong LJ Tsimelzon A Hilsenbeck S Stevens RD Wenner BR Ilkayeva O Xu J Newgard CB O'Malley BW 《Cell metabolism》2012,15(5):752-763
Oxidation of lipid substrates is essential for survival in fasting and other catabolic conditions, sparing glucose for the brain and other glucose-dependent tissues. Here we show Steroid Receptor Coactivator-3 (SRC-3) plays a central role in long chain fatty acid metabolism by directly regulating carnitine/acyl-carnitine translocase (CACT) gene expression. Genetic deficiency of CACT in humans is accompanied by a constellation of metabolic and toxicity phenotypes including hypoketonemia, hypoglycemia, hyperammonemia, and impaired neurologic, cardiac and skeletal muscle performance, each of which is apparent in mice lacking SRC-3 expression. Consistent with human cases of CACT deficiency, dietary rescue with short chain fatty acids drastically attenuates the clinical hallmarks of the disease in mice devoid of SRC-3. Collectively, our results position SRC-3 as a key regulator of β-oxidation. Moreover, these findings allow us to consider platform coactivators such as the SRCs as potential contributors to syndromes such as CACT deficiency, previously considered as monogenic. 相似文献
77.
78.
Christopher B. Newgard Jie An James R. Bain Michael J. Muehlbauer Robert D. Stevens Lillian F. Lien Andrea M. Haqq Svati H. Shah Michelle Arlotto Cris A. Slentz James Rochon Dianne Gallup Olga Ilkayeva Brett R. Wenner William S. Yancy Howard Eisenson Gerald Musante Richard Surwit David S. Millington Mark D. Butler Laura P. Svetkey 《Cell metabolism》2009,9(6):565-566
79.
80.
Anicee J. Lombal Theodore J. Wenner Nicholas Carlile Jeremy J. Austin Eric Woehler David Priddel Christopher P. Burridge 《Conservation Genetics》2017,18(1):117-129
Knowledge of the dispersal capacity of species is crucial to assess their extinction risk, and to establish appropriate monitoring and management strategies. The Providence petrel (Pterodroma solandri) presently breeds only at Lord Howe Island (~32,000 breeding pairs) and Phillip Island-7 km south of Norfolk Island (~20 breeding pairs). A much larger colony previously existed on Norfolk Island (~1,000,000 breeding pairs) but was hunted to extinction in the 18th Century. Differences in time of return to nesting sites are presently observed between the two extant colonies. Information on whether the Phillip Island colony is a relict population from Norfolk Island, or a recent colonization from Lord Howe Island, is essential to assess long-term sustainability and conservation significance of this small colony. Here, we sequenced the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene and 14 nuclear introns, in addition to genotyping 10 microsatellite loci, to investigate connectivity of the two extant P. solandri populations. High gene flow between populations and recent colonization of Phillip Island (95 % HPD 56–200 ya) are inferred, which may delay or prevent the genetic differentiation of these insular populations. These results suggest high plasticity in behaviour in this species and imply limited genetic risks surrounding both the sustainability of the small Phillip Island colony, and a proposal for translocation of Lord Howe Island individuals to re-establish a colony on Norfolk Island. 相似文献