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141.
Amir Reza Hajrasouliha Guomin Jiang Qingxian Lu Huayi Lu Henry J. Kaplan Huang-Ge Zhang Hui Shao 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2013,288(39):28058-28067
Exosomes released from different types of host cells have different biological effects. We report that exosomes released from retinal astroglial cells (RACs) suppress retinal vessel leakage and inhibit choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in a laser-induced CNV model, whereas exosomes released from retinal pigmental epithelium do not. RAC exosomes inhibit the migration of macrophages and the tubule forming of mouse retinal microvascular endothelial cells. Further, we analyzed antiangiogenic components in RAC exosomes using an angiogenesis array kit and detected several endogenous inhibitors of angiogenesis exclusively present in RAC exosomes, such as endostatin. Moreover, blockade of matrix metalloproteinases in the cleavage of collagen XVIII to form endostatin using FN-439 reverses RAC exosome-mediated retinal vessel leakage. This study demonstrates that exosomes released from retinal tissue cells have different angiogenic effects, with exosomes from RACs containing antiangiogenic components that might protect the eye from angiogenesis and maintain its functional integrity. In addition, by identifying additional components and their functions of RAC exosomes, we might improve the antiangiogenic therapy for CNV in age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy. 相似文献
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Frank Maldarelli Mary Kearney Sarah Palmer Robert Stephens JoAnn Mican Michael A. Polis Richard T. Davey Joseph Kovacs Wei Shao Diane Rock-Kress Julia A. Metcalf Catherine Rehm Sarah E. Greer Daniel L. Lucey Kristen Danley Harvey Alter John W. Mellors John M. Coffin 《Journal of virology》2013,87(18):10313-10323
HIV infection is characterized by rapid and error-prone viral replication resulting in genetically diverse virus populations. The rate of accumulation of diversity and the mechanisms involved are under intense study to provide useful information to understand immune evasion and the development of drug resistance. To characterize the development of viral diversity after infection, we carried out an in-depth analysis of single genome sequences of HIV pro-pol to assess diversity and divergence and to estimate replicating population sizes in a group of treatment-naive HIV-infected individuals sampled at single (n = 22) or multiple, longitudinal (n = 11) time points. Analysis of single genome sequences revealed nonlinear accumulation of sequence diversity during the course of infection. Diversity accumulated in recently infected individuals at rates 30-fold higher than in patients with chronic infection. Accumulation of synonymous changes accounted for most of the diversity during chronic infection. Accumulation of diversity resulted in population shifts, but the rates of change were low relative to estimated replication cycle times, consistent with relatively large population sizes. Analysis of changes in allele frequencies revealed effective population sizes that are substantially higher than previous estimates of approximately 1,000 infectious particles/infected individual. Taken together, these observations indicate that HIV populations are large, diverse, and slow to change in chronic infection and that the emergence of new mutations, including drug resistance mutations, is governed by both selection forces and drift. 相似文献
144.
Huaan Yang Ye Tao Zequn Zheng Di Shao Zhenzhong Li Mark W. Sweetingham Bevan J. Buirchell Chengdao Li 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》2013,126(2):511-522
Selection for phomopsis stem blight disease (PSB) resistance is one of the key objectives in lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) breeding programs. A cross was made between cultivar Tanjil (resistant to PSB) and Unicrop (susceptible). The progeny was advanced into F8 recombinant inbred lines (RILs). The RIL population was phenotyped for PSB disease resistance. Twenty plants from the RIL population representing disease resistance and susceptibility was subjected to next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based restriction site-associated DNA sequencing on the NGS platform Solexa HiSeq2000, which generated 7,241 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Thirty-three SNP markers showed the correlation between the marker genotypes and the PSB disease phenotype on the 20 representative plants, which were considered as candidate markers linked to a putative R gene for PSB resistance. Seven candidate markers were converted into sequence-specific PCR markers, which were designated as PhtjM1, PhtjM2, PhtjM3, PhtjM4, PhtjM5, PhtjM6 and PhtjM7. Linkage analysis of the disease phenotyping data and marker genotyping data on a F8 population containing 187 RILs confirmed that all the seven converted markers were associated with the putative R gene within the genetic distance of 2.1 CentiMorgan (cM). One of the PCR markers, PhtjM3, co-segregated with the R gene. The seven established PCR markers were tested in the 26 historical and current commercial cultivars released in Australia. The numbers of “false positives” (showing the resistance marker allele band but lack of the putative R gene) for each of the seven PCR markers ranged from nil to eight. Markers PhtjM4 and PhtjM7 are recommended in marker-assisted selection for PSB resistance in the Australian national lupin breeding program due to its wide applicability on breeding germplasm and close linkage to the putative R gene. The results demonstrated that application of NGS technology is a rapid and cost-effective approach in development of markers for molecular plant breeding. 相似文献
145.
Dan H. Barouch Kathryn E. Stephenson Erica N. Borducchi Kaitlin Smith Kelly Stanley Anna G. McNally Jinyan Liu Peter Abbink Lori F. Maxfield Michael S. Seaman Anne-Sophie Dugast Galit Alter Melissa Ferguson Wenjun Li Patricia L. Earl Bernard Moss Elena E. Giorgi James J. Szinger Leigh Anne Eller Erik A. Billings Mangala Rao Sodsai Tovanabutra Eric Sanders-Buell Mo Weijtens Maria G. Pau Hanneke Schuitemaker Merlin L. Robb Jerome H. Kim Bette T. Korber Nelson L. Michael 《Cell》2013
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[目的]丙型肝炎病毒(Hepatitis C Virus,HCV)是引起病毒性肝炎的重要病原.目前临床HCV感染多采用干扰素联合病毒唑进行治疗,但其应答率低且感染易反复,探索新型抗HCV治疗策略与药物具有紧迫的现实意义.[方法]基于大肠埃希菌来源的核糖核酸酶P(RNase P),针对HCV核心基因的序列,设计一小段与之互补的外部引导序列(Guide Sequence,GS),通过PCR将其共价连接至大肠埃希菌RNase P催化性亚基(M1 RNA)的3'末端,从而构建一种靶向性的核酶——M1GS.[结果]构建的M1 GS-HCV/C52核酶在体外可对靶RNA片段产生特异性切割;在HCV感染的Huh7.5.1细胞,该人工核酶也能够显著抑制HCV核心基因的表达,并使培养上清中HCV RNA的拷贝数减少约1500倍.[结论]本研究构建的M1GS-HCV/C52核酶具有显著的体外抗病毒活性,从而为HCV的治疗研究提供了一条潜在途径. 相似文献
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Qin Yu Liyan Hu Qing Yao Yongqun Zhu Na Dong Da-Cheng Wang Feng Shao 《Cell research》2013,23(6):775-787
Rab GTPases are emerging targets of diverse bacterial pathogens. Here, we perform biochemical and structural analyses of LepB, a Rab GTPase-activating protein (GAP) effector from Legionella pneumophila. We map LepB GAP domain to residues 313-618 and show that the GAP domain is Rab1 specific with a catalytic activity higher than the canonical eukaryotic TBC GAP and the newly identified VirA/EspG family of bacterial RabGAP effectors. Exhaustive mutation analyses identify Arg444 as the arginine finger, but no catalytically essential glutamine residues. Crystal structures of LepB313-618 alone and the GAP domain of Legionella drancourtii LepB in complex with Rab1-GDP-AlF3 support the catalytic role of Arg444, and also further reveal a 3D architecture and a GTPase-binding mode distinct from all known GAPs. Glu449, structurally equivalent to TBC RabGAP glutamine finger in apo-LepB, undergoes a drastic movement upon Rab1 binding, which induces Rab1 Gln70 side-chain flipping towards GDP-AlF3 through a strong ionic interaction. This conformationally rearranged Gln70 acts as the catalytic cis-glutamine, therefore uncovering an unexpected RasGAP-like catalytic mechanism for LepB. Our studies highlight an extraordinary structural and catalytic diversity of RabGAPs, particularly those from bacterial pathogens. 相似文献