Exosome biogenesis,secretion and function of exosomal miRNAs in skeletal muscle myogenesis

Exosomes are membrane‐bound extracellular vesicles that are produced in the endosomal compartment of most mammalian cell types and then released. Exosomes are effective carriers for the intercellular material transfer of material that can influence a series of physiological and pathological processes in recipient cells. Among loaded cargoes, non‐coding RNAs (ncRNAs) vary for the exosome‐producing cell and its homeostatic state, and characterization of the biogenesis and secretion of exosomal ncRNAs and the functions of these ncRNAs in skeletal muscle myogenesis remain preliminary. In this review, we will describe what is currently known of exosome biogenesis, release and uptake of exosomal ncRNAs, as well as the varied functions of exosomal miRNAs in skeletal muscle myogenesis.     

Quantitative trait loci involved in the reproductive success of a parasitoid wasp

Dissecting the genetic basis of intraspecific variations in life history traits is essential to understand their evolution, notably for potential biocontrol agents. Such variations are observed in the endoparasitoid Cotesia typhae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), specialized on the pest Sesamia nonagrioides (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Previously, we identified two strains of C. typhae that differed significantly for life history traits on an allopatric host population. To investigate the genetic basis underlying these phenotypic differences, we used a quantitative trait locus (QTL) approach based on restriction site‐associated DNA markers. The characteristic of C. typhae reproduction allowed us generating sisters sharing almost the same genetic content, named clonal sibship. Crosses between individuals from the two strains were performed to generate F2 and F8 recombinant CSS. The genotypes of 181 clonal sibships were determined as well as the phenotypes of the corresponding 4,000 females. Informative markers were then used to build a high‐quality genetic map. These 465 markers spanned a total length of 1,300 cM and were organized in 10 linkage groups which corresponded to the number of C. typhae chromosomes. Three QTLs were detected for parasitism success and two for offspring number, while none were identified for sex ratio. The QTLs explained, respectively, 27.7% and 24.5% of the phenotypic variation observed. The gene content of the genomic intervals was investigated based on the genome of C. congregata and revealed 67 interesting candidates, as potentially involved in the studied traits, including components of the venom and of the symbiotic virus (bracovirus) shown to be necessary for parasitism success in related wasps.     

Allopatric divergence and hybridization within Cupressus chengiana (Cupressaceae), a threatened conifer in the northern Hengduan Mountains of western China

Having a comprehensive understanding of population structure, genetic differentiation and demographic history is important for the conservation and management of threatened species. High‐throughput sequencing (HTS) provides exciting opportunities to address a wide range of factors for conservation genetics. Here, we generated HTS data and identified 266,884 high‐quality single nucleotide polymorphisms from 82 individuals of Cupressus chengiana, to assess population genomics across the species' full range, comprising the Daduhe River (DDH), Minjiang River (MJR) and Bailongjiang River (BLJ) catchments in western China. admixture , principal components analysis and phylogenetic analyses indicated that each region contains a distinct lineage, with high levels of differentiation between them (DDH, MJR and BLJ lineages). MJR was newly distinguished compared to previous surveys, and evidence including coalescent simulations supported a hybrid origin of MJR during the Quaternary. Each of these three lineages should be recognized as an evolutionarily significant unit (ESU), due to isolation, differing genetic adaptations and different demographic history. Currently, each ESU faces distinct threats, and will require different conservation strategies. Our work shows that population genomic approaches using HTS can reconstruct the complex evolutionary history of threatened species in mountainous regions, and hence inform conservation efforts, and contribute to the understanding of high biodiversity in mountains.     

新疆特色药食两用植物恰玛古内生放线菌的分离与鉴定

恰玛古（Qamgur, Brassica rapa L.）内生菌的研究主要集中在内生真菌,内生放线菌的研究报道较少。通过研究新疆药食两用植物恰玛古内生放线菌多样性,以期发现产新活性物质的放线菌或新种放线菌,为研究微生物药物奠定基础。从恰玛古根、茎和叶三个部位分离培养获得内生放线菌,对其菌落与个体形态进行观察,并利用序列测定方法进行鉴定,以获取其分类地位。从恰玛古三个部位共分离得到17株内生放线菌,其中12株为革兰氏阳性杆菌,3株为革兰氏阳性球菌,2株为革兰氏阳性丝状菌;17株内生放线菌分属于红球菌属（Rhodococcus）、拟诺卡氏菌属（Nocardiopsis）、链霉菌属（Streptomyces）、短杆菌属（Brevibacterium）、小短杆菌属（Brachybacterium）、两面神菌属（Janibacter）和微杆菌属（Microbacterium）。从新疆药食两用植物恰玛古中分离获得17株内生放线菌以稀有放线菌为主。     

S-Nitrosoglutathion Reductase Activity Modulates the Thermotolerance of Seeds Germination by Controlling ABI5 Stability under High Temperature

Seed germination or dormancy status is strictly controlled by endogenous phytohormone and exogenous environment signals. Abscisic acid (ABA) is the important phytohormone to suppress seed germination. Ambient high temperature (HT) also suppressed seed germination, or called as secondary seed dormancy, through upregulating ABI5, the essential component of ABA signal pathway. Previous result shows that appropriate nitric oxide (NO) breaks seed dormancy through triggering S-nitrosoglutathion reductase (GSNOR1)-dependent S-nitrosylation modification of ABI5 protein, subsequently inducing the degradation of ABI5. Here we found that HT induced the degradation of GSNOR1 protein and reduced its activity, thus accumulated more reactive nitrogen species (RNS) to damage seeds viability. Furthermore, HT increased the S-nitrosylation modification of GSNOR1 protein, and triggered the degradation of GSNOR1, therefore stabilizing ABI5 to suppress seed germination. Consistently, the ABI5 protein abundance was lower in the transgenic line overexpressing GSNOR1, but higher in the gsnor mutant after HT stress. Genetic analysis showed that GSNOR1 affected seeds germination through ABI5 under HT. Taken together, our data reveals a new mechanism by which HT triggers the degradation of GSNOR1, and thus stabilizing ABI5 to suppress seed germination, such mechanism provides the possibility to enhance seed germination tolerance to HT through genetic modification of GNSOR1.     

RTKN-1/Rhotekin shields endosome-associated F-actin from disassembly to ensure endocytic recycling

Cargo sorting and the subsequent membrane carrier formation require a properly organized endosomal actin network. To better understand the actin dynamics during endocytic recycling, we performed a genetic screen in C. elegans and identified RTKN-1/Rhotekin as a requisite to sustain endosome-associated actin integrity. Loss of RTKN-1 led to a prominent decrease in actin structures and basolateral recycling defects. Furthermore, we showed that the presence of RTKN-1 thwarts the actin disassembly competence of UNC-60A/cofilin. Consistently, in RTKN-1–deficient cells, UNC-60A knockdown replenished actin structures and alleviated the recycling defects. Notably, an intramolecular interaction within RTKN-1 could mediate the formation of oligomers. Overexpression of an RTKN-1 mutant form that lacks self-binding capacity failed to restore actin structures and recycling flow in rtkn-1 mutants. Finally, we demonstrated that SDPN-1/Syndapin acts to direct the recycling endosomal dwelling of RTKN-1 and promotes actin integrity there. Taken together, these findings consolidated the role of SDPN-1 in organizing the endosomal actin network architecture and introduced RTKN-1 as a novel regulatory protein involved in this process.     

气候变化下生物交互作用对树线生态过程的影响

树线交错带是具有强烈生物交互作用的高寒生态过渡带,生物互作与树线生态过程密切相关。本研究系统综述了气候变化下植物间、动植物间和微生物与植物间互作因子对树线生态过程的影响。植物间互利或竞争作用的强度调控变暖背景下树线生态过程的变化,目前尚缺少树轮生态学证据,且亟待检验高阶互作的适用性;动物采食活动、微生物与植物间互作可通过影响土壤状况、改变树木生长和更新等生态过程动态,增强或削弱树线与气候间耦合关系。迄今为止,地下与地上过程联系如何影响气候变暖下的树线动态尚不明晰,而营养级间互作可能调制树线生态过程对气候响应。青藏高原等高寒区具有开展此类研究的优势与潜力。     

β-1,6葡聚糖酶前体编码基因Ss4p对甘蔗黑穗病菌分泌蛋白组的影响

甘蔗(Saccharum spp.)是世界也是中国主要的糖料作物.由甘蔗黑穗病菌(Sporisorium scitamineum)引起的甘蔗黑穗病是中国甘蔗生产上最主要的病害,每年造成重大损失.分泌蛋白在真菌侵染寄主植物与获取营养及病理过程起重要作用.本实验室在分析甘蔗黑穗病菌基因组与转录组数据时,发现1个与真菌细胞壁降解有关的β-1,6葡聚糖酶前体的基因Ssa4p.为了揭示Ssa4p对甘蔗黑穗病菌致病性和分泌蛋白组的影响,本研究利用CRISPR/Cas9和T-DNA双元载体所构建的甘蔗黑穗菌基因敲除系统,成功获得了Ssa4p基因的失活突变株.ΔSsa4p突变株(Δ35-Ssa4p)与野生型菌株JG36的配合能力降低且致病性减弱.用iTRAQ方法对Δ35-Ssa4p和野生型菌株的分泌蛋白组进行比较分析,共鉴定到蛋白质1430个,其中上调差异表达蛋白质685个,下调差异表达蛋白质745个.GO功能富集分析及KEGG分析表明,差异蛋白主要定位于无膜细胞器和核糖体,其功能包括参与核糖体、氨基糖和核苷酸糖代谢等生物学过程.本研究发现β-1,6葡聚糖前体影响植物病原真菌的分泌蛋白,加深了对真菌致病性调控机制的认识.