Molecular cloning and function analysis of the stay green gene in rice

Chloroplasts undergo drastic morphological and physiological changes during senescence with a visible symptom of chlorophyll (Chl) degradation. A stay green mutant was identified and then isolated from the japonica rice (Oryza sativa) cv. Huazhiwu by gamma-ray irradiation. The stay green mutant was characterized by Chl retention, stable Chl-protein complexes, and stable thylakoid membrane structures, but lost its photosynthetic competence during senescence. The gene, designated Stay Green Rice (SGR), was cloned by a positional cloning strategy encoding an ancient protein containing a putative chloroplast transit peptide. SGR protein was found in both soluble and thylakoid membranes in rice. SGR, like the gene for pheophorbide a oxygenase (PaO), was constitutively expressed, but was upregulated by dark-induced senescence in rice leaves. Senescence-induced expression of SGR and PaO was enhanced by ABA, but inhibited by cytokinin. Overexpression of SGR reduced the number of lamellae in the grana thylakoids and reduced the Chl content of normally growing leaves. This indicates that upregulation of SGR increases Chl breakdown during senescence in rice. A small quantity of chlorophyllide a accumulated in sgr leaves, but this also accumulated in wild-type rice leaves during senescence. Some pheophorbide a was detected in sgr leaves in the dark. According to these observations, we propose that SGR may be involved in regulating or taking part in the activity of PaO, and then may influence Chl breakdown and degradation of pigment-protein complex.     

生态群落物种共存的进化机制

本文概述了目前对生态群落的物种共存研究中存在的若干问题及动、植物群落物种共存机制的研究进展。植物群落的物种共存主要介绍与环境、种子再迁移、生态位分化、竞争平衡理论、种库假设、再生生态位等有关的几种假设、生态学上相似种的共存及“原”群落概念等。动物群落的物种共存机制主要从以下几方面叙述：（1）异质环境中的资源分割,主要指动物斑状滋养的不同利用;（2）避免竞争排斥的行为机制,如边缘效应、聚群效应、扩散行为、相互作用和干扰;（3）特化者和泛化者的共存,包括：竞争是物种向多功能进化的作用力、最佳觅食理论与生态学特化及特化概念的发展。最后指出进一步研究的方向。     

六六六对大型溞生态学的影响

在实验室条件下,测定了六六六对大型溞(Daphnia magna Straus)存活、生长和生殖的影响。在25℃时,以心跳停止为死亡标准,六六六(以丙体计)对大型溞48小时LC50及其95%可信限为1.32±0.30ppm。以存活、生长和生殖为毒性标准,未觉察反应浓度(NOEC)为150ppb,最低觉察反应浓度(LOEC)为200ppb,其应用因子在0.11-0.15之间。内禀增长能力(rm)是更为敏感的指标,六六六浓度要降低至50ppb才无明显影响。       

硫酸盐还原菌对水解聚丙烯酰胺黏度的影响

目的:研究硫酸盐还原菌对油田驱油用水解聚丙烯酰胺体系黏度的影响.方法:以油田回注水配制不同分子量的HPAM溶液,考察硫酸盐还原菌在不同分子量聚合物中的生长繁殖情况及对HPAM溶液黏度的影响.结果:中分、高分、超高分HPAM-采出水体系初始黏度为21.7、25.4、38.9mPa·s.低于灭菌处理的23.0、27.8、45.8mPa·s.上述体系黏度在24h内明显下降.SRB的数量也由初始的3.0×103cfu/mL降低至10～102cfu/ml.结论:短期内SRB对高浓度的HPAM降解作用有限.SfUB培养物中的Fe2+是造成HPAM黏度下降的主要原因.SRB对HPAM黏度的影响是间接的.     

西双版纳热带森林附生维管植物的物种多样性与区系特征

附生植物是山地森林生态系统中重要的结构性成分。因受林冠调查技术限制, 人们对林冠附生植物知之甚少。本文在前人有关西双版纳植物区系研究的基础上, 结合野外调查和标本资料, 对该地区附生植物的物种组成与分布进行了整理。结果表明, 西双版纳热带森林附生维管植物共有29科134属486种, 约占全部维管植物的11%。附生兰科是最丰富的类群(69属293种), 其中以石斛属(Dendrobium) (49种)和石豆兰属(Bulbophyllum) (48种)物种数最多。蕨类是仅次于兰科的附生类群(13科38属97种), 其中水龙骨科(51种)占附生蕨类总数的50%以上。基于生活史和养分来源的划分标准, 该地区48%的附生物种属于兼性附生, 其次是以兰科为主的专性附生(46%), 半附生仅占6%。从区系上看, 西双版纳附生植物属的分布具有明显的热带亚洲性质。附生植物主要分布于资源受限的林冠生境, 对环境变化极为敏感, 在人为干扰日益加剧的背景下, 这类植物正面临严重威胁。因此, 需要加强对西双版纳林冠亚系统的保护。     

小桐子愈伤组织的诱导

本文以小桐子的叶片、叶柄、茎段及下胚轴和子叶作为外植体,研究不同外植体类型对愈伤组织诱导的影响,结果表明叶柄的诱导率最高,其次为茎段的诱导率。同时以小桐子的下胚轴作为外植体,研究植物生长调节剂种类及浓度配比对愈伤组织诱导的影响,结果显示6-BA与2,4-D的组合更适宜小桐子愈伤组织的诱导,MS+6-BA0.5mg/L+2,4-D0.1mg/L为小桐子愈伤组织诱导的最佳培养基,其愈伤组织诱导率高达96.7%。本研究为小桐子愈伤组织的分化、植株再生及相关的遗传转化研究提供了参考。     

生态脆弱带不同区域近缘优势灌木的生理生态学特性

小叶锦鸡儿、中间锦鸡儿和柠条锦鸡儿分别为中国北方生态脆弱带典型区域——科尔沁沙地、毛乌素沙地和腾格里沙漠的优势灌木。为了探讨生长在地理位置相距很远的不同气候类型区、但亲缘关系较近的沙漠植物种之间特性的差异及近缘种间引种成功的可能性 ,对 3种灌木在原产地和引种地 (腾格里沙漠 )的气体交换、叶绿素荧光参数、β胡萝卜素和脯氨酸累积等特性进行了对比研究 ,结果显示 :各区优势灌木的气体交换特征不同 ,主要依照区域光照和温湿条件的不同组合而变化 ,各区域的环境条件组合最利于其建群种的生长 ;引进种对引种地环境变化的反应调节较乡土种敏感 ;地理位置相距较近的近缘种间生理特性相近 ,引种易于成功     

Changes of inheritance mode and fitness in Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) along with its resistance evolution to Cry1Ac toxin

The changes of inheritance mode and fitness of resistance in Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) along with its resistance evolution to Cry1Ac toxin were evaluated in the laboratory. The resistance levels reached 170.0-, 209.6- and 2893.3-fold, on selection of the field population in the 16th (BtR-F(16)), 34th (BtR-F(34)) and 87th (BtR-F(87)) generation with artificial diet containing Cry1Ac toxin, respectively. As the resistance levels increased, more larvae feeding on the Bt cotton expressing Cry1Ac toxin survived. Most larvae of BtR-F(87) could develop to the 5th instar and about 3% individuals reached the adult stage. The inheritance of Cry1Ac resistance trait at three resistant levels was autosomal and incompletely recessive, but the degree of dominance decreased as the resistance increased. The resistance was primarily monogenic in BtR-F(16) strain, but polygenic as resistance increased. The relative fitness of H. armigera, measured as a ratio of R(0) (the net replacement rate) of resistant strain divided by R(0) of the susceptible strain, decreased with an increase of the resistance levels, with ratios of 0.79, 0.64 and 0.59 in their respective BtR-F(16), BtR-F(34) and BtR-F(87) strains.