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51.
Organosolv pretreatment for enzymatic hydrolysis of poplars: I. Enzyme hydrolysis of cellulosic residues 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Chum HL Johnson DK Black S Baker J Grohmann K Sarkanen KV Wallace K Schroeder HA 《Biotechnology and bioengineering》1988,31(7):643-649
Aspen (Populus tremuloides) and black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) organosolv pulps produced in a wide range of solvent composition (between 30 and 70% by volume of methanol) and catalysts (H(2)SO(4) and H(3)PO(4)) such that the cooking liquor pH = 3 are easily digested by enzymes. The total yields of hydrolysis residues (pulps) are in the 40-60% range; the acid-catalyzed delignification followed by enzyme hydrolysis can generate 70-88% of the original six-carbon sugars contained in the wood. Glucomannan and arablnogalactan are dissolved into the pulping liquor in the pH range of 2-4.5. Lower pH (=3) leads to additional solubilization of six-carbon sugars. These sugars may be fermented directly. From the insoluble hydrolysis residues, 36-41% conversions of wood into fermentable sugars were obtained after enzyme hydrolysis; the starting feedstocks contain 50.8 and 46.6% hexosans, respectively, for aspen and black cotton-wood. The kinetics of enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose can be formally treated as two simultaneous pseudo-first-order reactions in which fast and slow hydrolyses of cellulose occur. Correlations between the glucan digestibility and the effect of the pretreatment have been made. The higher residual xylan content reduces the amount of the rapidly hydrolyzable glucan fraction and lowers the glucan digestibility. The proposed simple kinetic treatment is very helpful in assessing the effect of the pretreatment on pulp enzyme hydrolyzability. 相似文献
52.
T. H. Noel Ellis Claire Domoney Judy Castleton Wendy Cleary D. Roy Davies 《Molecular & general genetics : MGG》1986,205(1):164-169
Summary We describe four genomic clones of pea 7S storage protein gene, one of which corresponds to convicilin, and the others to
vicilin. Hybridization studies exploiting these clones, and previously identified cDNA clones, have enabled us to define six
different loci. Three of these loci have been mapped to positions on chromosome 7. 相似文献
53.
Photocontrol of Hypocotyl Elongation in Light-Grown Cucumis sativus L. : Responses to Phytochrome Photostationary State and Fluence Rate 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
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The effects of the calculated photostationary state of phytochrome (c) and the photon fluence rate on the elongation growth of the hypocotyl of light-grown seedlings of Cucumis sativus L. are examined. Two threshold responses to c are found at values of 0.06 and 0.43. At c = 0.06, there is no response at any fluence rate. In the c range 0.1 to 0.43, elongation growth does not respond to changes in c. Above the second threshold (c = 0.43), there is a strong response to changes in c. At all values of c at and above 0.1, there is a response to fluence rate. A linear relationship can be demonstrated between a factor comprised of the logarithm of phytochrome cycling rate (a fluence-rate-dependent process) and c, and the growth response. 相似文献
54.
55.
Merritt Robert B. Kroon Wendy Hoffman Wienski Deborah A. Vincent Karen A. 《Biochemical genetics》1984,22(7-8):669-686
Genetic variation is described at 15 loci in 2 neotenic and 12 nonneotenic populations of red-spotted newts. Though high levels of genetic similarity (I=0.990) were found among all populations, allele frequencies at six of the eight most polymorphic loci show significant heterogeneity across populations. Change in allele frequencies at two of these loci (Pep-2 and Ldh-1) is significantly correlated with latitude. Interspecific homologies are established for newt peptidases based on substrate specificities and lactate dehydrogenases based on tissue distribution, thermal stability, and kinetic properties. Nonneotenic populations are highly variable (H=0.157) and neotenic populations are only slightly, but significantly, less variable (H=0.120). The high levels of heterozygosity detected in nonneotenic populations may result from large effective population size and/or environmental heterogeneity. The unexpectedly high heterozygosity values obtained for the neotenic populations may indicate adult dispersal or the presence of some previously undetected red efts at these localities. In any case, a major change in life history has apparently had little effect on the genetic structure of these populations.This research was supported by grants from the Blakeslee Fund of Smith College. 相似文献
56.
A comparison of the contractile activity of PGD2 and PGF2 alpha on human isolated bronchus 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Prostaglandins may be implicated in the bronchoconstriction which occurs in asthma. Prostaglandins F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) and D2 (PGD2) have been reported to produce bronchoconstriction in asthmatic subjects in vivo and PGF2 alpha contracts human isolated airway smooth muscle. We examined the relative efficacy and potency of PGF2 alpha and PGD2 on human bronchial spiral strips taken from 6 patients at thoracotomy. PGF2 alpha had greater efficacy than PGD2. The mean % Tmax (percentage of maximal contractile response) +/- s.e. mean were 84 +/- 7 and 54 +/- 7 respectively (P less than 0.05). PGF2 alpha (mean pD2 +/- s.e. mean = 6.39 +/- 0.6) tended to be more potent than PGD2 (5.68 +/- 0.2). Since, in vivo, PGD2 has greater efficacy and potency than PGF2 alpha, our results suggest that the in vivo effect of these prostaglandins does not result solely from an action on airway muscle. 相似文献
57.
Theodore M. Liszczak Ph.D. Lorraine Foley Peter McL. Black 《Cell and tissue research》1986,246(2):379-385
Summary The experiments described herein use an in vitro preparation of choroid plexus to demonstrate that it is a vasopressin-responsive organ by morphologic criteria. Choroid plexus from rats was incubated for one hour in graded concentrations of arginine vasopressin (AVP). Within physiologic range of molar concentration, incubation in vasopressin induced a decrease in basal and lateral spaces in choroid plexus epithelial cells as well as an increase in number of dark cells. The number of cells with basal spaces decreased significantly from 82.7±9.2 in control tissue to 19±18 in tissue incubated in 10-12 M AVP; similarly, the number with lateral cellular spaces decreased from 20±8.8 to 7.6±2.2 cells in 10-10 M AVP. Dark cells increased in number from 3.8±2.6 in control conditions to 49±4 with 10-9 M vasopressin. These data suggest important effects of arginine vasopressin in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) on choroid plexus, compatible with enhanced fluid transport across choroid epithelial cells. 相似文献
58.
A novel chlorophyll a/b binding (Cab) protein gene from petunia which encodes the lower molecular weight Cab precursor protein.
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The 16 petunia Cab genes which have been characterized are all closely related at the nucleotide sequence level and they encode Cab precursor polypeptides which are similar in sequence and length. Here we describe a novel petunia Cab gene which encodes a unique Cab precursor protein. This protein is a member of the smallest class of Cab precursor proteins for which no gene has previously been assigned in petunia or any other species. The features of this Cab precursor protein are that it is shorter by 2-3 amino acids than the formerly characterized Cab precursors, its transit peptide sequence is unrelated, and the mature polypeptide is significantly diverged at the functionally important N terminus from other petunia Cab proteins. Gene structure also discriminates this gene which is the only intron containing Cab gene in petunia genomic DNA. 相似文献
59.
Synopsis We tested the hypothesis that anadromous salmonids are guided on their homeward migration by population-specific pheromones.
Our findings do not support the hypothesis. Wild migrant Arctic charr,Salvelinus alpinus, from Ikarut River, Labrador were transferred and held in a tributary previously uninhabited by anadromous fish. None of
the charr migrating up Ikarut River entered the tributary after fish were transferred. Similarly, migrant charr, which were
caught in Ikarut River and released in the tributary below the captive fish, did not remain in the tributary. We re-evaluated
the data which have been used to uphold the concept of pheromone attraction in salmonid migration and concluded that support
for the hypothesis is unsubstantiated. 相似文献
60.
Cerebral Blood Flow and Oxidative Metabolism in Conscious Fischer-344 Rats of Different Ages 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Hidenori Takei Wendy R. Fredericks Edythe D. London Stanley I. Rapoport 《Journal of neurochemistry》1983,40(3):801-805
Abstract: The cerebral metabolic rates for O2 and for glucose were measured in conscious, fasted male Fischer-344 rats at the ages of 3, 12, and 24 months, and cerebral blood flow was determined with 14 C-iodoantipyrine. The metabolic rates for oxygen and glucose were obtained by multiplying blood flow by the O2 and glucose concentration differences, respectively, between blood in the femoral artery and in the superior sagittal sinus. Mean cerebral blood flow and the metabolic rates for oxygen and glucose did not differ significantly (p > 0.05) between 3 and 12 or between 12 and 24 months. Nor did the arteriovenous differences for O2 and for glucose change significantly with age. Because the superior sagittal sinus drains blood mainly from the cerebral cortex, the results indicate that average cerebral cortical oxidative metabolism, and the coupling ratios between the cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen and cerebral blood flow and between the cerebral metabolic rate for glucose and cerebral blood flow, do not change significantly with age in the Fischer-344 rat. 相似文献