Enzymatic System of Metabolism and Detoxication of Xenobiotics as a Basis of Metabolic Portraiting during Prognostication of Risk of Pathological Processes

We studied intraspecific features of the main enzymes of metabolism and detoxication of xenobiotics on mice (eight inbred lines) and rats (five lines) for estimation of possible variants of complete or incomplete metabolic equality. Significant genetically determined intraspecific differences for activities of the enzymes of metabolism and detoxication of xenobiotics were described. Generalized criteria for comparison of the metabolic status were proposed on the basis of activities of the main enzymes: cytochrome P-450 (hydroxylation and epoxidation), epoxyhydrolase, glutathione-S-transferase, UDP-glucuronosyl transferase, and sulfotransferase. The proposed criteria for estimation of the metabolic parameters of an individual can serve as a basis of metabolic portraiting.     

Antibodies to the hepatitis A virus in the healthy population of Moscow

Serum specimens collected from 1002 persons in Moscow were tested for the presence of antibodies to hepatitis A virus (anti-HAV antibodies) by solid-phase enzyme immunoassay. The prevalence of these antibodies increased progressively with age from 10% in children aged 5-9 years to over 90% in the age groups of 40-49 years and over, the 50% immunity level being established at the age of 18 years. 79% of infants under 1 year were found to be immune, which was obviously due to the placental transfer of antibodies from mother to child. In a considerable part of seropositive persons over 30 years high or medium antibody titers were detected. These age groups showed a stable proportion of the low, medium and high level of anti-HAV antibodies. The prevalence of such antibodies was not related to sex. The presence of an ample amount of anti-HAV antibodies was determined in all of 18 tested lots of commercial serum immunoglobulin obtained from 3 different manufacturers.     

Effect of butaclamol enantiomers on hypothalamic tyrosine hydroxylase in the rat brain

The authors demonstrate stereospecificity of the action of butaclamol enantiomers on substrate inhibition of hypothalamic tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and regulation of the tyrosine hydroxylase response by the presynaptic membrane (presynaptic receptors) of rat hypothalamus synaptosomes under membrane activation with dopamine. The effect of (+)-butaclamol on the substrate inhibition of TH was noticeable at a concentration of 10(-8)M, reaching a maximum at 10(-5)M. (-)-Butaclamol administered at the same concentrations did not influence the substrate inhibition of the enzyme. (+)-Butaclamol added to the incubation medium containing hypothalamic synaptosomes concurrently with dopamine (10(-5)M) completely blocked the regulatory action of the latter on TH, with this action mediated via presynaptic receptors. (-)-Butaclamol (10(-5)M) antagonized the action of dopamine under the same conditions. The data obtained indicate high stereo-specificity of butaclamol enantiomers as regards their effect on presynaptic regulation of TH, suggesting that elimination of the substrate inhibition of hypothalamic TH is a stereoselective effect of neuroleptics and can be a prognostically important criterion in the appraisal of compounds with potential neuroleptic activity.     

Interaction of ethanol with opiate receptors

Addition of ethanol to rat brain homogenate containing opiate receptors inhibits at a concentration of 50 mM the stereospecific binding of 3H-naloxone at 37 degrees C but not at 0 degree C, with the ID50 being 462 mM under these conditions. The temperature-dependent inhibition of the ligand binding suggests that ethanol does not compete with naloxone for specific binding sites of opiate receptors and changes the structure of lipids in biological membranes. Scatchard's analysis has demonstrated that apart from a decrease in the number of highly affinity binding sites of 3H-naloxone, the total amount of the binding sites remains unchanged both in the presence and absence of ethanol and constitutes 453 and 549 fmol/mg protein. It is assumed that ethanol might interconvert highly and low-affinity binding sites. Analysis of the effect of ethanol on 3H-naloxone binding with opiate receptors contained by synaptic membranes obtained from animals with varying predisposition to voluntary alcoholization has shown that ethanol inhibits to a greater degree ligand binding with membranes obtained from rats predisposed to alcoholization. The possibility of the involvement of receptors in the biochemical mechanisms by which the initial alcoholic motivation is effected is under discussion.     

Effect of adrenaline on kidney lysosome function in rats during prolonged soft tissue crushing

The total and unsedimentable activity of acid DNase, RNase, phosphatase and arylsulfatases A and B was examined in the rat kidneys during long-term compression of soft tissues in the presence of high excitability of the sympathoadrenal system. Injection of adrenalin to rats with trauma reduced the total activity of DNase, acid phosphatase and arylsulfatases A and B, particularly at the late periods of soft tissue compression, whereas the total activity of acid RNase slightly increased as compared with control. Compression of soft tissues after adrenalin preinjection was accompanied by a substantial rise of unsedimentable activity of the lysosomal enzymes under study in the kidneys. The activity of the enzymes in cytosol progressively ascended as the time of soft tissue injury increased.     

Human P301L-Mutant Tau Expression in Mouse Entorhinal-Hippocampal Network Causes Tau Aggregation and Presynaptic Pathology but No Cognitive Deficits

Accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau in the entorhinal cortex (EC) is one of the earliest pathological hallmarks in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). It can occur before significant Aβ deposition and appears to “spread” into anatomically connected brain regions. To determine whether this early-stage pathology is sufficient to cause disease progression and cognitive decline in experimental models, we overexpressed mutant human tau (hTauP301L) predominantly in layer II/III neurons of the mouse EC. Cognitive functions remained normal in mice at 4, 8, 12 and 16 months of age, despite early and extensive tau accumulation in the EC. Perforant path (PP) axon terminals within the dentate gyrus (DG) contained abnormal conformations of tau even in young EC-hTau mice, and phosphorylated tau increased with age in both the EC and PP. In old mice, ultrastructural alterations in presynaptic terminals were observed at PP-to-granule cell synapses. Phosphorylated tau was more abundant in presynaptic than postsynaptic elements. Human and pathological tau was also detected within hippocampal neurons of this mouse model. Thus, hTauP301L accumulation predominantly in the EC and related presynaptic pathology in hippocampal circuits was not sufficient to cause robust cognitive deficits within the age range analyzed here.     

Simultaneous Display of Multiple Foreign Peptides in the FliD Capping and FliC Filament Proteins of the Escherichia coli Flagellum

The bacterial flagellum is composed of more than 20 different proteins. The filament, which constitutes the major extracellular part of the flagellum, is built up of approximately 20,000 FliC molecules that assemble at the growing distal end of the filament. A capping structure composed of five FliD molecules located at the tip of the filament promotes polymerization of FliC. Lack of FliD leads to release of the subunits into the growth medium. We show here that FliD can be successfully used in bacterial surface display. We tested various insertion sites in the capping protein, and the optimal region for display was at the variable region in FliD. Deletion and/or insertion at other sites resulted in decreased formation of flagella. We further developed the technique into a multihybrid display system in which three foreign peptides are simultaneously expressed within the same flagellum, i.e., D repeats of FnBPA from Staphylococcus aureus at the tip and fragments of YadA from Yersinia enterocolitica as well as SlpA from Lactobacillus crispatus along the filament. This technology can have biotechnological applications, e.g., in simultaneous delivery of several effector molecules.