Landscape changes have greater effects than climate changes on six insect pests in China

In recent years, global changes are the major causes of frequent, widespread outbreaks of pests in mosaic landscapes, which have received substantial attention worldwide. We collected data on global changes(landscape and climate) and economic damage caused by six main insect pests during 1951–2010 in China. Landscape changes had significant effects on all six insect pests. Pest damage increased significantly with increasing arable land area in agricultural landscapes. However, climate changes had no effect on damage caused by pests, except for the rice leaf roller(Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenee) and armyworm(Mythimna separate(Walker)), which caused less damage to crops with increasing mean temperature. Our results indicate that there is slight evidence of possible offset effects of climate changes on the increasing damage from these two agricultural pests. Landscape changes have caused serious outbreaks of several species, which suggests the possibility of the use of landscape design for the control of pest populations through habitat rearrangement. Landscape manipulation may be used as a green method to achieve sustainable pest management with minimal use of insecticides and herbicides.     

四个青梅品种幼年树生长结果习性调查

对栽植在红壤丘陵地的大核青、横核、红面珠墩、鹅嗉等四个青梅品种三年生树的生长结果习性调查表明:大核青树冠扩大最快,横核和红面珠墩次之,鹅嗉最慢;短果枝占各类枝梢比率各品种分别为73.9%、70.2%、31.6%、48.5%;不完全花率各为9.3%、10.2%、8.3%和18.7%;每100朵花的花粉重量分别为86.1、84.2、73.8和64.2 mg;第一年结果的单株产量依次为7.25、1.75、0.90、和0.20 kg。     

迷迭香引种及精油分析

迷迭香从北京植物园引入云南,在昆明栽种一年后剪嫩枝叶及花序蒸油,精油用GC-MS 和GC—FTIR进行了分析研究。鉴定了精油化学成份中24个成份,占精油总量的92.91％。     

Observation of Androgenesis in Cultured Wheat Anthers at Meiosis,Tetrad, Early Uninucleate and Trinucleate Stage

The obtaining of calluses and plantlets from cultured wheat anthersat the stages from pollen mother cell to trinucleate microspore has been reported previously. Haploids as well as diploids existed among the regenerated plantlets derivedfrom anthers at these stages. Present paper reports the study on androgenesis patter-ns of cultured anthers at meiosis, tetrad, early mid- and late uninucleate and trinucleate stage. Cytological evidence of pollen-origin of calluses produced by anthers atthese stages was given. Observation showed that meiosis of wheat anthers was able tocomplete under culture conditions, resulting in releasing microspores, from which multinucleate and multicellular pollen grains formed. In meiosis anthers, abnormal cells,including syncytium and two kinds of binueleate calls were sometimes observed. Theymight be products of abnormal meiosis and abnormal development of tapetum cells. Itwas noted that failure and/or uncomplction of forming callus wall and/or pollen wallin in vitro anthers at meiosis, tetrad and early uninucleate stage occured often. Itmight lead to the low frequency of callus induction. Mature wheat anthers (trinucleate stage) contained both normal and abnormal pollen grains (pollen dimorphism); onlythe abnormal pollen grains developed into embryoids while all the normai trinucleatepollen grains degenerated rapidly. However, the date of the frequency of equal divisionof microspores suggested that abnormal pollen (N pollen, small pollen) could not be theonly source of androgenic pollens in cultured anthers at late uninucleate and other earlier stages.     

鲤鱼脑垂体促性腺激素含量年周期变化的研究

本文报道了用蟾蜍离体卵巢跌卵的方法来研究鲤鱼脑垂体里的促性腺激素含量的年周期变化情况,以解决我国鲩、青、鲢、鳙人工繁殖工作中应用鲤鱼脑垂体作为催产剂的质量问题。实验是在1962—1963年进行的。实验结果表明:鲤鱼脑垂体对蟾蜍离体卵巢有明显的跌卵效果;鲤鱼脑垂体里的促性腺激素是常年存在的,但随季节的不同而含量亦有所不同。全年中以2—3月份的脑垂体里促性腺激素的含量最高,10月份为最低,其他月份则是逐渐递升与递减的关系,因而呈现出一明显的年周期变化规律,这对指导收集鲤鱼脑垂体的最适季节具有一定的实用意义。对鱼类脑垂体的生理探讨方面也提供了一些新的资料。       

Carbon Balance in an Alpine Steppe in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Carbon fluxes were measured using a static chamber technique in an alpine steppe in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau from July 2000 to July 200t. It was shown that carbon emissions decreased in autumn and increased in spring of the next year, with higher values in growth seasons than in winters. An exponential correlation (Ecarbon = 0.22(exp(0.09T) + In(0.31P + 1)), R2 = 0.77, P < 0.001) was shown between carbon emissions and environmental factors such as temperature (T) and precipitation (P). Using the daily temperature (T) and total precipitation (R), annual carbon emission from soil to the atmosphere was estimated to be 79.6 g C/m2, 46% of which was emitted by microbial respiration. Considering an average net primary production of 92.5 g C/m2 per year within the 2 year experiment, alpine steppes can take up 55.9 g CO2-C/m2 per year. This indicates that alpine steppes are a distinct carbon sink, although this carbon reservoir was quite small.     

High Open-Circuit Voltage (1.197 V) in Large-Area (1 cm2) Inverted Perovskite Solar Cell via Interface Planarization and Highly Polar Self-Assembled Monolayer

The efficiency loss caused by area scaling is one of the key factors hindering the industrial development of perovskite solar cells. The energy loss and contact issues in the buried interface are the main reasons. Here, a new self-assembled monolayer (SAM), Ph-4PACz, with a large dipole moment (2.32 D) is obtained . It is found that Ph-4PACz with high polarity can improve the band alignment and minimize the energy loss , resulting in an open-circuit voltage (V_oc) as high as 1.2 V for 1.55 eV perovskite. However, when applied to large-area devices, the fill factor (FF) still suffered from significant attenuation. Therefore, alumina nanoparticles (Al₂O₃-NPs) are introduced to the interface between Ph-4PACz and rough FTO substrate to further improve the flatness , resulting in a conformal perovskite film with almost no voids in the buried interface, thus promoting low exciton binding energy, fast hot-carrier extraction and low non-radiative recombination. The final devices achieved a small-area power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 25.60% and a large-area (1 cm²) PCE of 24.61% (certified at 24.48%), which represents one of the highest PCE for single device ≥ 1 cm² area. Additionally, mini-modules and stability testing are also carried out to demonstrate the feasibility of commercialization.     

论华夏孢粉植物群特征

根据我国已发表的晚古生代,尤其是石炭－二叠纪的孢粉资料,讨论了华夏植物群的孢粉特征及其渊源,认为至迟从中晚泥盆世开始,主要由于远洋地理隔离导至的植物分化,已与关系较密切的欧洲北美物群出相当的差异,出现了不少地方色彩成分,早石炭世这种差别所减弱,晚石炭世,特别是二叠纪,作为同属赤道或热带－亚热带植物群一部分的华夏植物群才与欧美植物群分异出来,显示出与欧美区的种种不同特征,初步总结了华夏孢粉植物群的组     

禄丰古猿(Lufengpithecus lufengensis)牙齿釉质生长线与个体发育问题研究

运用扫描电子显微镜,对4枚禄丰古猿牙齿（恒齿）的釉质结构进行了观察研究。发现：禄丰古猿牙齿釉质表面有明显的釉面横纹结构;釉面横纹的密度向牙颈方向逐渐增大;观察记数了4枚牙齿的釉面横纹数,进而推算出牙冠的形成时间和年龄。与化石人科成员、现代人及现生大猿比较,禄丰古猿牙冠发育模式及时间,与南方古猿纤细种比较接近或相似,明显长于南方古猿粗壮种,有别于现生大猿。