水蒸汽蒸馏巴柑檬叶和果皮精油化学成分的研究

巴柑檬是我们第一次从国外引种成功的一种名贵香料植物。用色谱-质谱-计算机联用技术、毛细管气相色谱保留指数法和标准品叠加法分析了水蒸汽蒸馏巴柑檬叶和果皮精油的化学成分。从叶和果皮精油分离出来的220个和200个成分中,分别鉴定出48个和57个成分。鉴定组分的含量分别占叶和果皮精油的99.80％和98.54％。叶精油与果皮精油在化学成分方面的主要区别是叶油中萜烃化合物含量较低,而萜醇类化合物含量较高。     

Elementary pattern discrimination (behavioural experiments with the fly Musca domestica)

This paper investigates the problem of spontaneous pattern discrimination by the visual system of the fly. The indicator for discrimination and attractivity of a pattern is the yaw torque of a test fly. It is shown that the pattern discrimination process may be treated as a special (degenerate) case of figureground discrimination which has been described in detail in earlier publications. Decisive for the discrimination process is the fact that pattern discrimination by the fly is mediated by motion detectors which respond not only a pattern velocity but also to structural properties of pattern contrast. This is demonstrated by the transition from the existing twodimensional array of motion detectors to a continuous detector field which enabled us to calculate instantaneous detector responses to instationary pattern motion. The new approach, together with the special theory for figure-ground discrimination, is then applied to predict spontaneous discriminations of onedimensional periodic patterns. It is shown that predictions and experimental results are in good agreement. The second set of discrimination experiments deals with two dimensional dot patterns for which a quantitative theory is not yet available. However, it is shown that the attractivity of a dot pattern crucially depends on both the orientation and the direction of motion relative to the fly's eyes. If the contrast of a moving dot elicits an event in a motion detector which through the detector's time constant leads to an interference with an event received by a preceeding dot, the attractivity of the dot pattern is diminished. In the discussion relations are drawn between the concepts of pattern discrimination in honey bees and the theoretical aspects of discrimination put forward in this paper. It is briefly discussed why a two-dimensional motion detector theory might become the key for an understanding of pattern categories like figural intensity and figural quality.     

Induction of heavy metal binding groups by dexamethasone and Zn in cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells

Cd binding capacity and pulse polarography were used to study the inducibility of sulfhydryl groups in cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells (wild type and a Cd-resistant mutant) in response to dexamethasone (dex) and Zn. Evidence is presented that both the wild type and the mutant responded to dex and Zn treatment by induction of sulfhydryl groups. In wild type for Zn and dex as well as in the mutant for dex, this induction seems to be in the form of sulfhydryls attached to particulate or membrane fractions in the cells. For Zn in the Cd-resistant mutant the induction was in the form of metallothionein.     

Rearrangement of tubulin, actin, and myosin in cultured ventricular cardiomyocytes of the adult rat

Antitubulin, phalloidin, and antimyosin were used to study the distribution of microtubules, microfilaments, and myofibrils in cultured adult cardiomyocytes. These cells undergo a stereotypic sequence of morphological change in which myotypic features are lost and then reconstructed during a period of polymorphic growth. Microtubules, though rearranged during these events in culture, are always present in an organized network. Myosin and actin structures, on the other hand, initially degenerate. This initial degeneration is reversed when a cell attaches to the culture substratum. Upon attachment, new microtubules are laid down as a cortical network adjacent to the sarcolemma and, subsequently, as a network in the basal part of the cell. Actin and then myosin filament bundles appear next, in a pattern corresponding to the pattern of the microtubules. Finally, striated myofibrils are formed, first in the central part of the cell, and subsequently in the outgrowing processes of the cell. A mechanism is suggested by which the eventual polymorphic shape of a cell is related to the shape of its initial area of contact with the culture substratum. Finally, a model of myofibrillogenesis is proposed in which microtubules participate in the insertion of myosin among previously formed actin filament bundles to produce myofibrils.     

Effect of ethionine on synthesis and methylation of ribosomal ribonucleic acid in regenerating rat liver

Ethionine, a hepatocarcinogen, was administered into rats 24 h before partial hepatectomy and immediately thereafter. Hepatic precursor ribosomal RNA (pre-rRNA) obtained 20 h after the operation of rats injected with ethionine and adenine resulted in methyl deficiency as judged by the incorporation of [3H]methyl group of S-adenosylmethionine into nuclear rRNA by partially purified rRNA methylase. The ethionine and adenine treatment causes methyl deficiency of nuclear rRNA at 2'-hydroxyribose sites of cytidine and uridine, but not at base sites. Although the ethionine and adenine treatment produced no significant change in total hepatic RNA synthesis in vivo assayed by the incorporation of labeled orotate, a one-third increase in nuclear rRNA synthesis as well as a one-third decrease in microsomal rRNA synthesis was found under the treatment. These results suggest that the undermethylation at 2'-hydroxyribose of pre-rRNA in liver nucleus, which is caused by ethionine and adenine administration into rats, causes an inhibition of the processing of nuclear pre-rRNA to cytoplasmic rRNA.     

Raman spectroscopic and X-ray diffraction studies of the effect of temperature and Ca2+ on phosphatidylethanolamine dispersions

Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction are used to study the effect of heat and Ca²⁺ on dimyristoylphosphatidylethanolamine dispersions. Unlike phosphatidylcholine dispersions, dimyristoylphosphatidylethanolamine bilayers (at pH 8) require heating above T_m in order for hydration to occur and apparently bind Ca²⁺ at very low levels. These results are related to models for membrane fusion.     

Survival of Shigella in Sewage: II. Effect of Glycerol on Shigella flexneri and Shigella Bacteriophage1

Glycerol (30%) inhibited or delayed the adsorption of Shigella bacteriophage on its host organism, S. flexneri II; glycerol also inhibited or delayed the burst of phage, whether or not adsorption was carried out in the presence of glycerol. Studies of the mechanisms of these effects showed that viscosity and osmotic shock probably were not responsible for either phenomenon. The inhibition of adsorption, however, was proportional to the concentration of glycerol, and appeared to be a function of the hydroxyl groups on the glycerol molecule. The inhibition of burst seemed to be related to the osmotic pressure outside the bacterial cells.     

青霉素G酰化酶α亚基Ser177的突变对酶活性的影响

用盒式突变和定点突变对大肠杆菌青霉素G酰化酶α亚基177位ser进行了突变研究,结果发现所挑选的突变体均无酶的活力,这一结果可能可以用来解释Ser 177附近肽段和一些青霉素结合蛋白青霉素结合区在一级结构上保持同源性的原因。     

用免疫荧光单克隆抗体对脊髓灰质炎病毒抗原表位的分析

用间接免疫荧光与中和试验筛选出来的抗脊髓灰质炎2型与3型不同毒株的12个单克隆抗体,其中3个仅有免疫荧光活性,9个具有中和与免疫荧光活性。用免疫荧光活性的单克隆抗体进行试验,发现它们在识别特异性抗原表位方面与中和性单克隆抗体相似,显示出株特异的、几个毒株共同特异的或型特异的抗原表位。根据表位分布关系及特征,可以用来鉴别型内毒株的特征、毒株的抗原分析、抗原变异的研究以及疫苗相关病例的鉴别。所得结果与中和性单克抗隆抗体及T1-寡核苷酸指纹图谱分析一致。而免疫荧光单克隆抗体识别抗原表位的活性范围比中和性单克隆抗体更广。另外还发现某些兼有荧光与中和两活性的同一个单克隆抗体,用不同方法(IF与NT)进行试验时,与相同毒株出现不同表位反应,这点是值得引起注意需待进一步证实的重要问题。