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61.
Testing the covarion hypothesis of molecular evolution 总被引:6,自引:8,他引:6
The covarion hypothesis of molecular evolution states that the fixation of
mutations may alter the probability that any given position will fix the
next change. Tests of this hypothesis using the divergence of real
sequences are compromised because models of rate variation among sites
(e.g., the gamma version of the one-parameter equation) predict sequence
divergence values similar to those for the covarion process. This study
therefore focuses on the extent to which the varied and unvaried codons of
two well-diverged taxa are the same, because fewer are expected by the
covarion hypothesis than by the gamma model. The data for these tests are
the protein sequences of Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD) for mammals and
plants. Simulation analyses show that the covarion hypothesis makes better
predictions about the frequencies of varied and unhit positions in common
between these two taxa than does the gamma version of the one-parameter
model. Furthermore, the analysis of SOD tertiary structure demonstrates
that mammal and plant variabilities are distributed differently on the
protein. These results support the conclusions that the variable and
invariable codons of mammal and plant SODs are different and that the
covarion model explains the evolution of this protein better than the gamma
version of the one-parameter process. Unlike other models, the covarion
hypothesis accounts for rate fluctuations among positions over time, which
is an important parameter of molecular evolution.
相似文献
62.
Purification of galectin-3 from ovine placenta: developmentally regulated expression and immunological relevance 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
Iglesias MM; Rabinovich GA; Ambrosio AL; Castagna LF; Sotomayor CE; Wolfenstein-Todel C 《Glycobiology》1998,8(1):59-65
Galectins, beta-galactoside-binding lectins, are extensively distributed in
the animal kingdom and share some basic molecular properties. Galectin-3, a
member of this family, is generally associated with differentiation,
morphogenesis, and metastasis. In this study, galectin-3 was isolated from
ovine placental cotyledons round the middle of the gestation period by
lactose extraction followed by affinity chromatography on lactosyl-agarose,
and separated from galectin-1 by size exclusion chromatography on a
Superose 12 column. Under native conditions this lectin behaved as a
monomer with an apparent molecular weight of approximately 29,000 and an
isoelectric point of 9.0. The partial amino acid sequence of the peptides
obtained by tryptic digestion of this protein followed by HPLC separation
showed striking homology with other members of the galectin-3 subfamily.
Furthermore, ovine placental galectin-3 exhibited specific mitogenic
activity toward rat spleen mononuclear cells. Besides, this protein
strongly reacted with a rabbit antiserum raised against a chicken galectin.
Results obtained by Western blot analysis showed that its expression was
greatly decreased in term placenta with respect to the middle of the
gestation period, suggesting a regulated expression throughout development.
相似文献
63.
Bagrey MM Ngwira Phillimon Tambala A Maria Perez Cameron Bowie David H Molyneux 《Filaria journal》2007,6(1):1-7
Background
Papua New Guinea is the only endemic country in the Western Pacific Region that has not yet introduced a countrywide programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis. However, on Misima Island in Milne Bay Province, government and private sectors have collaborated to implement a pilot elimination programme. Although interim evaluation indicated that the programme has been parasitologically successful, an appreciation that sustainable health gains depend on understanding and accommodating local beliefs prompted this qualitative study.Methods
We investigated Misima community members knowledge and attitudes about lymphatic filariasis and the elimination programme. A combination of focus groups and key informant interviews were used to explore participants perceptions of health; knowledge of the aetiology and symptoms of filariasis, elephantiasis and hydrocele; attitudes towards the disease and mass drug distribution; and the social structure and decision-making protocols within the villages.Results
Focus group discussions proved inferior to key informant interviews for gathering rich data. Study participants did not consider lymphatic filariasis ("pom") a major health problem but were generally positive about mass drug administration campaigns. A variety of conditions were frequently and incorrectly attributed to filariasis. Participants expressed the belief that individuals infected with filariasis always had visible manifestations of disease. A common misconception was that taking drugs during campaigns provided long-term immunity against disease. The role of mosquito vectors in transmission was not generally appreciated and certain clinical presentations, particularly hydrocele, were associated with supernatural forces. Multiple adverse events were associated with mass drug administration campaigns and most study participants mentioned community members who did not participate in campaigns.Conclusion
Important issues requiring educational intervention and elimination activity modification in the Misima region were identified during this study. Research outcomes should assist Papua New Guinea in developing and implementing a national elimination strategy and inform discussions regarding the appropriateness of current elimination strategies. 相似文献64.
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69.
Howe GT; Bucciaglia PA; Hackett WP; Furnier GR; Cordonnier-Pratt MM; Gardner G 《Molecular biology and evolution》1998,15(2):160-175
The phytochrome photoreceptors play important roles in the photoperiodic
control of vegetative bud set, growth cessation, dormancy induction, and
cold-hardiness in trees. Interestingly, ecotypic differences in
photoperiodic responses are observed in many temperate- zone tree species.
Northern and southern ecotypes of black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa
Torr. & Gray), for example, exhibit marked differences in the timing of
short-day-induced bud set and growth cessation, and these responses are
controlled by phytochrome. Therefore, as a first step toward determining
the molecular genetic basis of photoperiodic ecotypes in trees, we
characterized the phytochrome gene (PHY) family in black cottonwood. We
recovered fragments of one PHYA and two PHYB using PCR-based cloning and by
screening a genomic library. Results from Southern analyses confirmed that
black cottonwood has one PHYA locus and two PHYB loci, which we arbitrarily
designated PHYB1 and PHYB2. Phylogenetic analyses which included PHY from
black cottonwood, Arabidopsis thaliana and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)
suggest that the PHYB/D duplications in these species occurred
independently. When Southern blots were probed with PHYC, PHYE, and PHYE
heterologous probes, the strongest bands that we detected were those of
black cottonwood PHYA and/or PHYB. These results suggest that black
cottonwood lacks members of the PHYC/F and PHYE subfamilies. Although black
cottonwood could contain additional PHY that are distantly related to known
angiosperm PHY, our results imply that the PHY family of black cottonwood
is less complex than that of other well-characterized dicot species such as
Arabidopsis and tomato. Based on Southern analyses of five black cottonwood
genotypes representing three photoperiodic ecotypes, substantial
polymorphism was detected for at least one of the PHYB loci but not for the
PHYA locus. The novel character of the PHY family in black cottonwood, as
well as the differences in polymorphism we observed between the PHYA and
PHYB subfamilies, indicates that a number of fundamental macro- and
microevolutionary questions remain to be answered about the PHY family in
dicots.
相似文献
70.