北祁连山东段早石炭世棘鱼类、辐鳍鱼类和软骨鱼类--北祁连山东段石炭纪鱼类序列研究之一

对甘肃靖远一带和内蒙古自治区黑山地区早石炭世前黑山组、臭牛沟组和靖远组中三亚纲鱼类微体化石进行了形态学和古组织学研究。这些化石涉及 7个目或亚目 ,含 4属 4种 ,其中有 2新种。文中记述的属均为全球广布的属。建立了 3个早石炭世鱼类组合 ,这是我国早石炭世第一个鱼类组合序列。辐鳍鱼类和软骨鱼类中 2个目的化石均为我国早石炭世鱼类的首次记录     

Compatible Models of Carbon Content of Individual Trees on a Cunninghamia lanceolata Plantation in Fujian Province,China

We tried to establish compatible carbon content models of individual trees for a Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook.) plantation from Fujian province in southeast China. In general, compatibility requires that the sum of components equal the whole tree, meaning that the sum of percentages calculated from component equations should equal 100%. Thus, we used multiple approaches to simulate carbon content in boles, branches, foliage leaves, roots and the whole individual trees. The approaches included (i) single optimal fitting (SOF), (ii) nonlinear adjustment in proportion (NAP) and (iii) nonlinear seemingly unrelated regression (NSUR). These approaches were used in combination with variables relating diameter at breast height (D) and tree height (H), such as D, D²H, DH and D&H (where D&H means two separate variables in bivariate model). Power, exponential and polynomial functions were tested as well as a new general function model was proposed by this study. Weighted least squares regression models were employed to eliminate heteroscedasticity. Model performances were evaluated by using mean residuals, residual variance, mean square error and the determination coefficient. The results indicated that models with two dimensional variables (DH, D²H and D&H) were always superior to those with a single variable (D). The D&H variable combination was found to be the most useful predictor. Of all the approaches, SOF could establish a single optimal model separately, but there were deviations in estimating results due to existing incompatibilities, while NAP and NSUR could ensure predictions compatibility. Simultaneously, we found that the new general model had better accuracy than others. In conclusion, we recommend that the new general model be used to estimate carbon content for Chinese fir and considered for other vegetation types as well.     

聚羟基脂肪酸酯的应用展望

聚羟基脂肪酸酯(Polyhydroxyalkanoates,简称PHA)是由微生物合成的天然高分子基材料,作为微生物碳源和能源的储备物质。目前,PHA的单体种类有150多种,致使PHA的品种繁多、材料学性质各不相同。PHA具有材料多变性、非线性光学性能、压电性能、气体阻隔性能、热塑性、生物可降解性、良好的生物相容性等特点,使其在塑料包装、化工、医药、农业、生物能源等诸多领域的具有很大的应用前景。文中系统介绍了目前PHA的应用和未来的发展。     

昆虫嗅觉可塑性研究进展

嗅觉是昆虫的主要感觉模式,在昆虫的重要行为活动如寻找配偶、定位寄主、选择产卵场所等中起着关键作用。昆虫通过触角等外周嗅觉器官感受外界的化学信号并转化为电信号,电信号传输到中枢神经系统进行加工整合,最后通过大脑发出指令调控自身关键的行为。昆虫需要在合适的时机对不同气味作出反应,从而保证其能够在不同生理状态下完成特定的行为。这就要求昆虫的嗅觉系统具有可塑性,即根据不同的生理状态,如日龄、取食状态、交配、节律等对相同气味作出不同的反应。本文综述了不同生理状态对昆虫嗅觉行为和嗅觉神经系统的影响,以及昆虫嗅觉可塑性产生的机制,为加深和扩展人们对昆虫嗅觉系统的认识和建立新的害虫防控策略提供参考。     

lncRNA MALAT1 mediated high glucose–induced HK-2 cell epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and injury

Journal of Physiology and Biochemistry - Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and injury of tubular cells play critical roles in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy (DN). lncRNA...     

Direct electrochemistry and electrocatalysis of glucose oxidase immobilized on glassy carbon electrode modified by Nafion and ordered mesoporous silica-SBA-15

In this paper, it was found that glucose oxidase (GOD) has been stably immobilized on glassy carbon electrode modified by ordered mesoporous silica-SBA-15 and Nafion. The sorption behavior of GOD immobilized on SBA-15 matrix was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis), FTIR, respectively, which demonstrated that SBA-15 can facilitate the electron exchange between the electroactive center of GOD and electrode. The direct electrochemistry and electrocatalysis behavior of GOD on modified electrode were characterized by cyclic voltammogram (CV) which indicated that GOD immobilized on Nafion and SBA-15 matrices displays direct, nearly reversible and surface-controlled redox reaction with an enhanced electron transfer rate constant of 3.89 s⁻¹ in 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution (PBS) (pH 7.12). Furthermore, it was also discovered that, in the absence of O₂, GOD immobilized on Nafion and SBA-15 matrices can produce a wide linear response to glucose in the positive potential range. Thus, Nafion/GOD-SBA-15/GC electrode is hopeful to be used in the third non-mediator's glucose biosensor. In addition, GOD immobilized on SBA-15 and Nafion matrices possesses an excellent bioelectrocatalytic activity for the reduction of O₂. The Nafion/GOD-SBA-15/GC electrode can be utilized as the cathode in biofuel cell.     

区域生态服务价值对土地利用变化的响应——以重庆市沙坪坝区为例

土地利用通过生态进程与服务间的相互作用影响生态系统提供的产品与服务.本研究以重庆市沙坪坝区为例,采用GIS与实地调查,运用Costanza等提出的生态服务价值系数,结合敏感度分析,探讨了区域生态服务价值对土地利用变化的响应.结果表明,重庆市沙坪坝区在1992～2002年间生态服务价值从1.74×10⁷ ＄降低到1.68×10⁷ ＄,净损失5.40×10⁵ ＄,平均土地净损失生态服务价值13.62＄·hm^-2;赋予各种土地利用类型生态服务价值系数的大小对区域总的生态服务价值变化影响不明显,其变化趋于相对稳定;耕地、林地和园地生物量生态服务价值系数总和接近于区域真实值,水域生态服务价值系数偏大,调整30%为每年5 667＄·hm^-2,更接近于真实值;运用现状数据库、变更数据库和Costanza模型估算区域土地利用变化导致生态服务价值变化切实可行,可为区域土地利用效益评价及土地利用规划提供借鉴.     

PALM成像中激光强度和定位精度相关性的研究

近十年来,基于单分子定位的PALM成像技术快速发展,将显微镜的分辨率提高到了2-25nm。本文发现PALM成像过程中采用的激发光强度与成像的定位精度之间有密切的联系。我们分别选择了PALM成像使用的光激活荧光蛋白、光转换荧光蛋白和光开关荧光蛋白中最常用的荧光蛋白进行验证。实验发现伴随激光强度的增加,大部分荧光蛋白的光子数先升高然后趋于饱和,背景噪声几乎线性升高。进一步分析发现荧光蛋白的定位误差随着激光强度增强先降低后升高,因此选用合适的激光强度在PALM成像实验中至关重要。如何提高PALM成像的分辨率一直是科学家研究的热点,本研究内容可以指导研究人员在PALM成像中选用合适的激发光强度,从而得到高分辨率的图像。     

Pedigree‐based analysis of derivation of genome segments of an elite rice reveals key regions during its breeding

Analyses of genome variations with high‐throughput assays have improved our understanding of genetic basis of crop domestication and identified the selected genome regions, but little is known about that of modern breeding, which has limited the usefulness of massive elite cultivars in further breeding. Here we deploy pedigree‐based analysis of an elite rice, Huanghuazhan, to exploit key genome regions during its breeding. The cultivars in the pedigree were resequenced with 7.6× depth on average, and 2.1 million high‐quality single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were obtained. Tracing the derivation of genome blocks with pedigree and information on SNPs revealed the chromosomal recombination during breeding, which showed that 26.22% of Huanghuazhan genome are strictly conserved key regions. These major effect regions were further supported by a QTL mapping of 260 recombinant inbred lines derived from the cross of Huanghuazhan and a very dissimilar cultivar, Shuanggui 36, and by the genome profile of eight cultivars and 36 elite lines derived from Huanghuazhan. Hitting these regions with the cloned genes revealed they include numbers of key genes, which were then applied to demonstrate how Huanghuazhan were bred after 30 years of effort and to dissect the deficiency of artificial selection. We concluded the regions are helpful to the further breeding based on this pedigree and performing breeding by design. Our study provides genetic dissection of modern rice breeding and sheds new light on how to perform genomewide breeding by design.