全文获取类型
收费全文 | 572篇 |
免费 | 36篇 |
国内免费 | 2篇 |
出版年
2021年 | 7篇 |
2020年 | 5篇 |
2019年 | 7篇 |
2018年 | 7篇 |
2017年 | 11篇 |
2016年 | 5篇 |
2015年 | 13篇 |
2014年 | 20篇 |
2013年 | 33篇 |
2012年 | 22篇 |
2011年 | 29篇 |
2010年 | 22篇 |
2009年 | 27篇 |
2008年 | 28篇 |
2007年 | 19篇 |
2006年 | 16篇 |
2005年 | 12篇 |
2004年 | 15篇 |
2003年 | 14篇 |
2002年 | 10篇 |
2001年 | 23篇 |
2000年 | 14篇 |
1999年 | 11篇 |
1998年 | 11篇 |
1997年 | 9篇 |
1996年 | 8篇 |
1995年 | 5篇 |
1994年 | 7篇 |
1993年 | 10篇 |
1992年 | 11篇 |
1991年 | 8篇 |
1990年 | 9篇 |
1989年 | 12篇 |
1988年 | 14篇 |
1987年 | 9篇 |
1986年 | 10篇 |
1985年 | 15篇 |
1984年 | 7篇 |
1981年 | 5篇 |
1979年 | 9篇 |
1978年 | 3篇 |
1977年 | 4篇 |
1975年 | 4篇 |
1974年 | 8篇 |
1973年 | 4篇 |
1970年 | 4篇 |
1968年 | 3篇 |
1967年 | 3篇 |
1966年 | 3篇 |
1965年 | 4篇 |
排序方式: 共有610条查询结果,搜索用时 32 毫秒
71.
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a highly heritable complex neurodevelopmental condition characterized by impairments in social interaction and communication and restricted and repetitive behaviors. Although roles for both de novo and familial genetic variation have been documented, the underlying disease mechanisms remain poorly elucidated. In this study, we defined and explored distinct etiologies of genetic variants that affect genes regulated by Fragile-X mental retardation protein (FMRP), thought to play a key role in neuroplasticity and neuronal translation, in ASD-affected individuals. In particular, we developed the Trend test, a pathway-association test that is able to robustly detect multiple-hit etiologies and is more powerful than existing approaches. Exploiting detailed spatiotemporal maps of gene expression within the human brain, we identified four discrete FMRP-target subpopulations that exhibit distinct functional biases and contribute to ASD via different types of genetic variation. We also demonstrated that FMRP target genes are more likely than other genes with similar expression patterns to contribute to disease. We developed the hypothesis that FMRP targets contribute to ASD via two distinct etiologies: (1) ultra-rare and highly penetrant single disruptions of embryonically upregulated FMRP targets (“single-hit etiology”) or (2) the combination of multiple less penetrant disruptions of nonembryonic, synaptic FMRP targets (“multiple-hit etiology”). The Trend test provides rigorous support for a multiple-hit genetic etiology in a subset of autism cases and is easily extendible to combining information from multiple types of genetic variation (i.e., copy-number and exome variants), increasing its value to next-generation sequencing approaches. 相似文献
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
Summary The fine structure of Azotobacter vinelandii was examined using a micro-colony embedding method. With this technique the difficulty of obtaining well preserved bacterial flagella in thin sections of material prepared in the usual fashion for electron microscopy was overcome, as the cells and their appendages were held in their natural position. The insertion of flagella and their substructure as revealed by thin sectioning and negative staining was studied. The results obtained on the fine structure of the flagellum is discussed and a possible interpretation of the arrangement of sub-units is presented in a model. Some new inclusions and membranous structures in the cytoplasm of the cells are described. These structures do not appear to be involved in tellurite reduction. These is no evidence to indicate that the flagellar insertion sites showed any activity of tellurite reduction. Thus in Azotobacter, other systems seem to be responsible for the ability of the cells to reduce tellurite. 相似文献
77.
Mark C. Mainwaring Ian R. Hartley Stuart Bearhop Kaat Brulez Christopher R. du Feu Gerald Murphy Kate E. Plummer Simone L. Webber S. James Reynolds D. Charles Deeming 《Journal of Biogeography》2012,39(9):1669-1677
Aim The laying of eggs and the building of a nest structure to accommodate them are two of the defining characteristics of members of the class Aves. Nest structures vary considerably across avian taxa and for many species the structure of the completed nest can have important consequences both for parents and their offspring. While nest characteristics are expected to vary adaptively in response to environmental conditions, large‐scale spatial variation in nest characteristics has been largely overlooked. Here, we examine the effects of latitudinal variation in spring temperatures on nest characteristics, including insulatory properties, and reproductive success of blue tits, Cyanistes caeruleus, and great tits, Parus major. Location Great Britain. Methods Nests and reproductive data were collected from seven study sites, spread over 5° of latitude. The nest insulatory properties were then determined before the nests were separated into nest base material and cup lining material. Results As spring temperatures increased with decreasing latitude, the mass of the nest base material did not vary in either species, while the mass of the cup lining material and nest insulatory properties decreased in both species. This suggests that in response to increasing temperatures the breeding female reduces the mass of the cup lining material, thereby maintaining an appropriate microclimate for incubating and brooding. The mean first egg date of both species advanced with decreasing latitude and increasing spring temperatures, although clutch size and brood size at hatching and fledging did not vary. Main conclusions This is the first study to demonstrate that the nest‐construction behaviour of birds varies in response to large‐scale spatial variation in ambient temperatures. Therefore, nest composition reliably indicates environmental conditions and we suggest that studies of nest structure may be sentinels for the early signs of rapid climate change. 相似文献
78.
Human lymphocytes were cultured in 3H-labelled BrdU. Cells were pretreated to induce differentiation, autoradiographed and Giemsastained. DNA extraction was deduced if grain counts were lower in differentiated mitoses compared with untreated controls. — The differentiation method involved sequential pretreatments with short wave UV and 2 × SSC at 60 ° C. This removed 34% of label from first division cells (with TB.TB chromosomes) but relatively more (53%) from second division (TB.BB chromosomes). In second division cells, about two thirds of label was lost from pale (BB) chromatids but only one third from dark (TB) chromatids. The UV and SSC pretreatments acted in collaboration, since neither alone reduced grain counts significantly. — On testing other methods, similar preferential DNA extraction was obtained with Perry and Wolff's FPG method, and with the hot salt pretreatment of Korenberg and Freedlender. However, good Giemsa differentiation could also be obtained using Hoechst 33258 and light pretreatments without any DNA loss. Reverse differentiation patterns (TB pale, BB dark) induced by warm acids resulted in extraction of nearly two thirds of 3H-BrdU label, but relative loss was the same from pale and dark chromatin. Direct reverse staining using alkaline Giemsa did not result in any loss of label. — Thus preferential DNA loss from pale stained chromatin underlies differentiation methods using light plus hot salt pretreatments, but it is not obligatory for good differentiation using other techniques. 相似文献
79.
Robert J. Kadner Carol A. Webber Michael D. Island 《Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes》1993,25(6):637-645
This review article briefly summarizes aspects of our current understanding of the Uhp sugar phosphate transport system in enteric bacteria, particularly the mode of genetic regulation of its synthesis. This regulation occurs by a process that involves an example of the very widespread and ever-growing group of so-called two-component bacterial regulatory systems, a mechanism of response to environmental signals that employs phosphate transfer reactions between constituent proteins. Of emphasis here is the unusual involvement in transmembrane signaling of the UhpC protein which is related in sequence and structure to some transport proteins, including the very protein whose synthesis it helps regulate. 相似文献
80.
Keith W.T.Goulding 《中国科学:生命科学英文版》2005,48(Z2)
The nitrogen (N) cycle is essentially 'leaky'. The losses of small amounts of nitrate to waters and of ammonia and nitrous oxide to the atmosphere are a part of the global biogeo-chemical N cycle. However, intensive agricultural production, industry and vehicle use have more than doubled the amount of 'reactive' N in the environment, resulting in eutrophication, ecosystem change and health concerns. Research has identified agricultural practices that cause large losses of N and, in some cases, developed solutions. This paper discusses the problems of maintaining productivity while reducing N losses, compares conventional with low input (integrated) and organic farming systems, and discusses wider options. It also looks at the need to integrate studies on N with other environmental impacts, set in the context of the whole farm system, to provide truly sustainable agricultural systems. 相似文献