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31.
Distribution of actin bundles in Bowman's capsule of rat kidney 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In this study we define the distribution of actin bundle arrangement in Bowman's capsule of rat renal corpuscles. Parietal cells of Bowman's capsule were examined by conventional light microscopy, electron microscopy and confocal microscopy. Within each parietal cell individual actin bundles are arranged in a parallel fashion running the length of the cell. Computer reconstructions obtained using confocal microscopy clearly show the lengths of actin bundles to be arranged, on a capsule level, end-to-end, at angles and perpendicular to bundles in adjacent cells. The bundles stain positively for non-muscle myosin and vinculin. The presence and arrangement of actin bundles in parietal cells is consistent with a role in reinforcing capsule structure. 相似文献
32.
Potentiation of cytotoxic drug activity in human tumour cell lines, by amine-substituted 2-arylbenzimidazole-4-carboxamide PARP-1 inhibitors 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
White AW Curtin NJ Eastman BW Golding BT Hostomsky Z Kyle S Li J Maegley KA Skalitzky DJ Webber SE Yu XH Griffin RJ 《Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters》2004,14(10):2433-2437
The synthesis and biological evaluation of a new series of amine-substituted 2-arylbenzimidazole-4-carboxamide inhibitors of the DNA-repair enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is reported. The introduction of an amine substituent at the 2-aryl position is not detrimental to activity, with most inhibitors exhibiting K(i) values for PARP-1 inhibition in the low nanomolar range. Two compounds in this series were found to potentiate the cytotoxicity of the DNA-methylating agent temozolomide by 4-5-fold in a human colorectal cancer cell line. 相似文献
33.
Stuart?RossEmail author David?Evans Michael?Webber 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2002,7(1):47-52
In recent years many workers have examined the implications of various sources of uncertainty for the reliability of Life
Cycle Assessment (LCA). Indeed, the International Standardization Organization (ISO) has recognised the relevance of this
work by including several cautionary statements in the ISO 14040 series of standards. However, in practice, there is a risk
that the significance of these uncertainties for the results of an LCA could be overlooked as practitioners strive to complete
studies on time and within budget. This paper presents the findings of a survey of LCA studies we made to determine the extent
to which the problem of uncertainty had been dealt with in practice. This survey revealed that the significance of the limitations
on the reliability of LCA results given in the standards has not been fully appreciated by practitioners. We conclude that
the standards need to be revised to ensure that LCA studies include at least a qualitative discussion on all relevant aspects
of uncertainty. 相似文献
34.
Nelson JA Gotwalt PS Reidy SP Webber DM 《Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular & integrative physiology》2002,133(2):289-302
Locomotor performance of animals is of considerable interest from management, physiological, ecological and evolutionary perspectives. Yet, despite the extensive commercial exploitation of fishes and interest in the health of various fish stocks, the relationships between performance capacity, natural selection, ecology and physiology are poorly known for fishes. One reason may be the technical challenges faced when trying to measure various locomotor capacities in aquatic species, but we will argue that the slow pace of developing new species-appropriate swim tests is also hindering progress. A technique developed for anadromous salmonids (the U(crit) procedure) has dominated the fish exercise physiology field and, while accounting for major advances in the field, has often been used arbitrarily. Here we propose criteria swimming tests should adhere to and report on several attempts to match swimming tests to the physiological ecology of the animal. Sprint performance measured with a laser diode/photocell timed 'drag strip' is a new method employing new technology and is reported on in some detail. A second new test involves accelerating water past the fish at a constant rate in a traditional swim tunnel/respirometer. These two performance tests were designed to better understand the biology of a bentho-pelagic marine fish, the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Finally, we report on a modified incremental velocity test that was developed to better understand the biology of the blacknose dace (Rhinichthys atratulus), a Nearctic, lotic cyprinid. 相似文献
35.
Julie?Webber Margaret?E.?JohnstonEmail author Alan?H.?Wearing 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》2003,39(2):139-141
Summary
Caustis blakei is an attractive cut foliage plant harvested from the wild in Australia and marketed under the name of koala fern. Previous
attempts to propagate large numbers of this plant have been unsuccessful. The effect of four light irradiances on organogenesis
from compact and friable callus of C. blakei was studied for 21 wk. Both callus types produced numerous primordial shoots but many failed to develop into green plantlets.
However, significantly more primordial shoots and green plantlets developed on the friable callus than on the compact callus,
and significantly more green plantlets were regenerated under the higher photon irradiances of 200 and 300 μmol m−2s−1 than under the lower irradiances of 100 and 150 μmol m−2s−1. The compact callus produced its maximum number of green plantlets early in the experiment (after 9 wk), while the friable
callus continued to produce primordial shoots and green plantelets throughout the period of the experiment, and reached its
maximum production of green plantlets at 21 wk under the irradiance of 300 μmol m−2s−1. Organogenesis from friable callus under high irradiance (300 μmol m−2s−1) offers an efficient propagation method for C. blakei. 相似文献
36.
Stuart?RossEmail author David?Evans Michael?Webber 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2003,8(1):19-26
The site-generic approach currently adopted by the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology introduces uncertainties into the
impact assessment phase of an LCA study. These uncertainties are greatest for localised and short-lived problems but are less
significant for long lasting, cumulative environmental effects. Indeed, the reliability of LCA results is high for problems
that manifest at a global scale. Nevertheless, even though these results are considered accurate, it is still often unclear
as to their relevance in terms of policy development and decision-making. Therefore, this paper demonstrates how LCA can be
used to determine the efficacy of policies aimed at reducing a product system’s contribution to global environmental problems.
We accomplish this aim by presenting a case study that evaluates the greenhouse gas contributions of each stage in the life
cycle of containerboard packaging and the potential impact on emissions of various policy options available to decision makers.
Our analysis showed that in general the most useful strategy was to recycle the used packaging. However, our analysis also
indicated that when measures are taken to eliminate sources of methane emissions and encourage the use of plantation timber
then recycling is no longer beneficial from a greenhouse perspective. This is because the process energy required in the form
of gas and electricity is substantially greater for containerboard manufactured from recycled material than it is for virgin
fibre. 相似文献
37.
Green fluorescent protein functions as a reporter for protein localization in Escherichia coli 下载免费PDF全文
Feilmeier BJ Iseminger G Schroeder D Webber H Phillips GJ 《Journal of bacteriology》2000,182(14):4068-4076
The use of green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a reporter for protein localization in Escherichia coli was explored by creating gene fusions between malE (encoding maltose-binding protein [MBP]) and a variant of gfp optimized for fluorescence in bacteria (GFPuv). These constructs encode hybrid proteins composed of GFP fused to the carboxy-terminal end of MBP. Fluorescence was not detected when the hybrid protein was synthesized with the MBP signal sequence. In contrast, when the MBP signal sequence was deleted, fluorescence was observed. Cell fractionation studies showed that the fluorescent MBP-GFP hybrid protein was localized in the cytoplasm, whereas the nonfluorescent version was localized to the periplasmic space. Smaller MBP-GFP hybrid proteins, however, exhibited abnormal fractionation. Expression of the gene fusions in different sec mutants, as well as signal sequence processing assays, confirmed that the periplasmically localized hybrid proteins were exported by the sec-dependent pathway. The distinction between fluorescent and nonfluorescent colonies was exploited as a scorable phenotype to isolate malE signal sequence mutations. While expression of hybrid proteins comprised of full-length MBP did not result in overproduction lethality characteristic of some exported beta-galactosidase hybrid proteins, synthesis of shorter, exported hybrid proteins was toxic to the cells. Purification of MBP-GFP hybrid protein from the different cellular compartments indicated that GFP is improperly folded when localized outside of the cytoplasm. These results suggest that GFP could serve as a useful reporter for genetic analysis of bacterial protein export and of protein folding. 相似文献
38.
Krabben L Schlodder E Jordan R Carbonera D Giacometti G Lee H Webber AN Lubitz W 《Biochemistry》2000,39(42):13012-13025
Two histidines provide the axial ligands of the two chlorophyll a (Chl a) molecules which form the primary electron donor (P700) of photosystem I (PSI). Histidine 676 in the protein subunit PsaA, His(A676), and histidine 656 in subunit PsaB, His(B656), were replaced in the green algae Chlamydomnas reinhardtii by site-directed mutagenesis with nonpolar, uncharged polar, acidic, and basic amino acid residues. Only the substitutions with uncharged polar residues led to a significant accumulation of PSI in the thylakoid membranes. These PSI complexes were isolated and the physical properties of the primary donor characterized. The midpoint potential of P700(+)(*)/P700 was increased in all mutants (up to 140 mV) and showed a dependence on size and polarizability of the residues when His(B656) was substituted. In the light-minus-dark absorbance spectra, all mutations in PsaB exhibited an additional bleaching band at 665 nm at room temperature comparable with the published spectrum for the replacement of His(B656) with asparagine [Webber, A. N., Su Hui, Bingham, S. E., K?ss, H., Krabben, L., Kuhn, M., Jordan, R., Schlodder, E., and Lubitz, W. (1996) Biochemistry 35, 12857-12863]. Substitutions of His(A676) showed an additional shoulder around 680 nm. In the low-temperature absorbance difference spectra of P700(+)(*)/P700, a blue shift of the main bleaching band by 2 nm and some changes in the spectral features around 660 nm were observed for mutations of His(B656) in PsaB. The analogous substitution in PsaA showed only a shift of the main bleaching band. Similar effects of the mutations were found in the (3)P700/P700 absorbance difference spectra at low temperatures (T = 2 K). The zero-field splitting parameters of (3)P700 were not significantly changed in the mutated PSI complexes. The electron spin density distribution of P700(+)(*), determined by ENDOR spectroscopy, was only changed when His(B656) was replaced. In all measurements, two general observations were made. (i) The replacement of His(B656) had a much stronger impact on the physical properties of P700 than the mutation of His(A676). (ii) The exchange of His(B656) with glutamine induces the smallest changes in the spectra or the midpoint potential, whereas the other replacements exhibited a stronger but very similar influence on the spectroscopic features of P700. The data provide convincing evidence that the unpaired electron in the cation radical and the triplet state of P700 are mainly localized on the Chl a of the dimer which is axially coordinated by His(B656). 相似文献
39.
Isometric skeletal muscle fatigue is usually assumed to be a linear process based upon the monotonic decrease in spectral
frequency of the EMG. Since spectral analysis by fast Fourier transform (FFT) constitutes a linear transformation of the data,
the present study was designed to reevaluate the time-course of muscle fatigue with a nonlinear tool, recurrence quantification
analysis (RQA). Surface EMG recordings were obtained from the multifidus muscle of 17 human subjects during isometric posture-holding
of the upper torso. The process of muscle fatigue was found to be linear for 59% of the subjects by FFT criteria, but nonlinear
for 76% by RQA criteria. As a demonstrative control, both slow and fast transients occurring within a nonlinear mathematical
process could be accurately depicted by RQA, but not by FFT. It is concluded that assessment of EMG patterns by nonlinear
techniques can give insight into the time-course of fatiguing muscles attributed to the summation of several nonlinear and
competing processes.
Received: 12 November 1998 / Accepted in revised form: 29 November 1999 相似文献
40.
Phylogenetic tests of the hypothesis of block duplication of homologous genes on human chromosomes 6, 9, and 1 总被引:8,自引:1,他引:7
There are 10 gene families that have members on both human chromosome 6
(6p21.3, the location of the human major histocompatibility complex [MHC])
and human chromosome 9 (mostly 9q33-34). Six of these families also have
members on mouse chromosome 17 (the mouse MHC chromosome) and mouse
chromosome 2. In addition, four of these families have members on human
chromosome 1 (1q21-25 and 1p13), and two of these have members on mouse
chromosome 1. One hypothesis to explain these patterns is that members of
the 10 gene families of human chromosomes 6 and 9 were duplicated
simultaneously as a result of polyploidization or duplication of a
chromosome segment ("block duplication"). A subsequent block duplication
has been proposed to account for the presence of representatives of four of
these families on human chromosome 1. Phylogenetic analyses of the 9 gene
families for which data were available decisively rejected the hypothesis
of block duplication as an overall explanation of these patterns. Three to
five of the genes on human chromosomes 6 and 9 probably duplicated
simultaneously early in vertebrate history, prior to the divergence of
jawed and jawless vertebrates, and shortly after that, all four of the
genes on chromosomes 1 and 9 probably duplicated as a block. However, the
other genes duplicated at different times scattered over at least 1.6
billion years. Since the occurrence of these clusters of related genes
cannot be explained by block duplication, one alternative explanation is
that they cluster together because of shared functional characteristics
relating to expression patterns.
相似文献