全文获取类型
收费全文 | 4053篇 |
免费 | 400篇 |
专业分类
4453篇 |
出版年
2021年 | 42篇 |
2020年 | 33篇 |
2018年 | 37篇 |
2016年 | 42篇 |
2015年 | 68篇 |
2014年 | 102篇 |
2013年 | 133篇 |
2012年 | 162篇 |
2011年 | 138篇 |
2010年 | 92篇 |
2009年 | 80篇 |
2008年 | 130篇 |
2007年 | 137篇 |
2006年 | 123篇 |
2005年 | 145篇 |
2004年 | 152篇 |
2003年 | 117篇 |
2002年 | 106篇 |
2001年 | 117篇 |
2000年 | 119篇 |
1999年 | 107篇 |
1998年 | 51篇 |
1997年 | 54篇 |
1996年 | 56篇 |
1995年 | 39篇 |
1994年 | 52篇 |
1993年 | 59篇 |
1992年 | 112篇 |
1991年 | 94篇 |
1990年 | 82篇 |
1989年 | 84篇 |
1988年 | 76篇 |
1987年 | 68篇 |
1986年 | 73篇 |
1985年 | 82篇 |
1984年 | 69篇 |
1983年 | 46篇 |
1982年 | 52篇 |
1981年 | 37篇 |
1980年 | 51篇 |
1979年 | 64篇 |
1978年 | 54篇 |
1977年 | 57篇 |
1976年 | 54篇 |
1975年 | 44篇 |
1974年 | 37篇 |
1973年 | 45篇 |
1972年 | 33篇 |
1969年 | 31篇 |
1966年 | 34篇 |
排序方式: 共有4453条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
71.
Incubation of human bloodstream neutrophils with 50 u/ml recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rGM-CSF) primed the respiratory burst (as assessed by fMet-Leu-Phe stimulated luminol-dependent chemiluminescence) and resulted in a rapid (within 15 min) upregulation of expression of CD11b and CD18 (as measured by FACS analysis). This rapid priming and modulation of receptor expression was not inhibited by cycloheximide and hence appeared to be independent ofde novo protein biosynthesis. When neutrophils were incubated for up to 5 h in culture, the fluorescence distributions of CD11b and CD18 declined indicating the loss of expression of these receptors as the neutrophils aged, but in rGM-CSF treated suspensions receptor expression was maintained. When neutrophils were incubated in the presence of cycloheximide, they progressively lost their ability to generate reactive oxidants in response to fMet-Leu-Phe so that by 5 h incubation with this inhibitor they could only generate about 25% of the oxidative response stimulated in untreated cells, and the expression of CD16 and CD18 was grossly impaired. Similar effects were observed in rGM-CSF treated suspensions except that cycloheximide required longer incubation times (typically 4–5 h) before impairment of function or receptor expression occurred. These data show thatde novo protein biosynthesis is required for both the maintenance of neutrophil function and also for the continued expression of some plasma membrane receptors.Abbreviations fMet-Leu-Phe
N-formylmethionyl-Leucyl-Phenylalanine
- rGM-CSF
recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- FITC
fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugate
- Luminol
5-amino-2,3-dihydrophthalazine-1,4-dione 相似文献
72.
Michael J. Tyler Margaret Davies Graeme F. Watson David J. Williams 《Hydrobiologia》1996,318(3):135-137
The program BIOCLIM predicts the total geographic distribution of species, based upon the biogeoclimatic characteristics common to the localities at which they are known to occur. Field studies in the Northern Territory have located the Shield Shrimp Triops australiensis at localities substantially north of its known and predicted geographic distribution. 相似文献
73.
The current study investigated the short-term physiological implications of plant nitrogen uptake of urea amended with the urease inhibitor N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (nBTPT) under both greenhouse and field conditions. 15N labelled urea amended with 0.0, 0.01, 0.1 and 0.5% nBTPT (w/w) was surface applied at a rate equivalent to 100 kg N ha–1 to perennial ryegrass in a greenhouse pot experiment. Root, shoot and soil fractions were destructively harvested 0.75, 1.75, 4, 7 and 10 days after fertilizer application. Urease activity was determined in each fraction together with 15N recovery and a range of chemical analyses. The effect of nBTPT amended urea on leaf tip scorch was evaluated together with the effect of the inhibitor applied on its own on plant urease activity.nBTPT-amended urea dramatically reduced shoot urease activity for the first few days after application compared to unamended urea. The higher the nBTPT concentration the longer the time required for shoot activity to return to that in the unamended treatment. At the highest inhibitor concentration of 0.5% shoot urease activity had returned to that of unamended urea by 10 days. Root urease activity was unaffected by nBTPT in the presence of urea but was affected by nBTPT in the absence of urea.Transient leaf tip scorch was observed approximately 7–15 days after nBTPT + urea application and was greatest with high concentrations of nBTPT and high urea-N application rates. New developing leaves showed no visual sign of tip necrosis.Urea hydrolysis of unamended urea was rapid with only 1.3% urea-N remaining in the soil after 1.75 days. N uptake and metabolism by ryegrass was rapid with 15N recovery from unamended urea, in the plant (shoot + root) being 33% after 1.75 days. Most of the 15N in the soil following the urea+0.5% nBTPT application was still as urea after 1.75 days, yet 15N plant recovery at this time was 25% (root+shoot). This together with other evidence, suggests that if urea hydrolysis in soil is delayed by nBTPT then urea can be taken up by ryegrass as the intact molecule, albeit at a significantly slower initial rate of uptake than NH4
+-N. Protein and water soluble carbohydrate content of the plant were not significantly affected by amending urea with nBTPT however, there was a significant effect on the composition of amino acids in the roots and shoots, suggesting a difference in metabolism.Although nBTPT-amended urea affected plant urease activity and caused some leaf-tip scorch the effects were transient and short-lived. The previously reported benefit of nBTPT in reducing NH3 volatilization of urea would appear to far outweigh any of the observed short-term effects, as dry-matter production of ryegrass is increased. 相似文献
74.
Behavioral ecologists are being attracted to the study of within-individual morphological variability, manifested in random deviations from bilateral symmetry, as a means of ascertaining the stress susceptibility of developmental regulatory mechanisms. Several early successes Indicate that incorporating measures of symmetry into sexual-selection studies may help link individual sexual success to a basic component of viability - developmental stability. 相似文献
75.
76.
Neil J. Gemmell Axel Janke Patrick S. Western Jaclyn M. Watson Svante Pääbo Jennifer A. Marshall Graves 《Journal of molecular evolution》1994,39(2):200-205
The vertebrate mitochondrial genome is highly conserved in size and gene content. Among the chordates there appears to be one basic gene arrangement, but rearrangements in the mitochondrial gene order of the avian lineages have indicated that the mitochondrial genome may be more variable than once thought. Different gene orders in marsupials and eutherian mammals leave the ancestral mammalian order in some doubt. We have investigated the mitochondrial gene order in the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus), a representative of the third major group of mammals, to determine which mitochondrial gene arrangement is ancestral in mammals. We have found that the platypus mtDNA conforms to the basic chordate gene arrangement, common to fish, amphibians, and eutherian mammals, indicating that this arrangement was the original mammalian arrangement, and that the unusual rearrangements observed in the avians and marsupials are probably lineage-specific.
Correspondence to: N.J. Gemmell 相似文献
77.
Effects of modeling and lineage on fishing behavior in the small-eared bushbaby (otolemur garnettii)
Sheree L. Watson Martha Schiff Jeannette P. Ward 《International journal of primatology》1994,15(4):507-519
Thirty-eight bushbabies(Otolemur garnettii)were subjects in an observational learning study. We exposed them to one of three modeling conditions: (1) fishing model—one
that actually performed fishing behavior; (2) nonfishing model—one that performed as a model in every way except performance
of fishing behavior; and (3) no model. We assessed them with regard to latency to approach the fishbowl, latency to make an
initial fishing attempt, duration of time spent in the vicinity of the fishbowls, and number of actual fishing attempts. Results
indicate that subjects that were exposed to either fishing or nonfishing models were faster to approach the fishbowls and
spent more time in the vicinity of the fishbowls than animals in the no-model condition Lineage, i.e., whether or not the
animals’ parents fished, rather than modeling condition, was the best predictor of the latency to initial fishing attempt
and the number of attempts made. 相似文献
78.
79.
The influence of temperature, shoot age, and medium on gall induction by Subanguina picridis on Russian knapweed (Acroptilon repens) was examined in vitro. The optimal temperature for gall formation was 20 C. Gall induction was delayed as the temperature decreased, and decreased as shoot age increased. Bud primordia (0-day-old shoots and 5-day-old shoots) with an average length of 4.2 mm and 7.9 mm were the most suitable tissues for nematode development and gall formation. Gall formation was more effective on B5G medium than on MSG. Young shoots under slow growth were most suitable for mass rearing of S. picridis. 相似文献
80.
Petra Sumasgutner Susan J. Cunningham Arne Hegemann Arjun Amar Hannah Watson Johan F. Nilsson Martin N. Andersson Caroline Isaksson 《Global Change Biology》2023,29(9):2399-2420
Climate change and urbanisation are among the most pervasive and rapidly growing threats to biodiversity worldwide. However, their impacts are usually considered in isolation, and interactions are rarely examined. Predicting species' responses to the combined effects of climate change and urbanisation, therefore, represents a pressing challenge in global change biology. Birds are important model taxa for exploring the impacts of both climate change and urbanisation, and their behaviour and physiology have been well studied in urban and non-urban systems. This understanding should allow interactive effects of rising temperatures and urbanisation to be inferred, yet considerations of these interactions are almost entirely lacking from empirical research. Here, we synthesise our current understanding of the potential mechanisms that could affect how species respond to the combined effects of rising temperatures and urbanisation, with a focus on avian taxa. We discuss potential interactive effects to motivate future in-depth research on this critically important, yet overlooked, aspect of global change biology. Increased temperatures are a pronounced consequence of both urbanisation (through the urban heat island effect) and climate change. The biological impact of this warming in urban and non-urban systems will likely differ in magnitude and direction when interacting with other factors that typically vary between these habitats, such as resource availability (e.g. water, food and microsites) and pollution levels. Furthermore, the nature of such interactions may differ for cities situated in different climate types, for example, tropical, arid, temperate, continental and polar. Within this article, we highlight the potential for interactive effects of climate and urban drivers on the mechanistic responses of birds, identify knowledge gaps and propose promising future research avenues. A deeper understanding of the behavioural and physiological mechanisms mediating species' responses to urbanisation and rising temperatures will provide novel insights into ecology and evolution under global change and may help better predict future population responses. 相似文献