NYC4, the rice ortholog of Arabidopsis THF1, is involved in the degradation of chlorophyll – protein complexes during leaf senescence

Yellowing/chlorophyll breakdown is a prominent phenomenon in leaf senescence, and is associated with the degradation of chlorophyll – protein complexes. From a rice mutant population generated by ionizing radiation, we isolated nyc4‐1, a stay‐green mutant with a defect in chlorophyll breakdown during leaf senescence. Using gene mapping, nyc4‐1 was found to be linked to two chromosomal regions. We extracted Os07g0558500 as a candidate for NYC4 via gene expression microarray analysis, and concluded from further evidence that disruption of the gene by a translocation‐related event causes the nyc4 phenotype. Os07g0558500 is thought to be the ortholog of THF1 in Arabidopsis thaliana. The thf1 mutant leaves show variegation in a light intensity‐dependent manner. Surprisingly, the F_v/F_m value remained high in nyc4‐1 during the dark incubation, suggesting that photosystem II retained its function. Western blot analysis revealed that, in nyc4‐1, the PSII core subunits D1 and D2 were significantly retained during leaf senescence in comparison with wild‐type and other non‐functional stay‐green mutants, including sgr‐2, a mutant of the key regulator of chlorophyll degradation SGR. The role of NYC4 in degradation of chlorophyll and chlorophyll – protein complexes during leaf senescence is discussed.     

Design and synthesis of novel benzimidazole derivatives as phosphodiesterase 10A inhibitors with reduced CYP1A2 inhibition

A novel class of phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) inhibitors with reduced CYP1A2 inhibition were designed and synthesized starting from 2-{[(1-phenyl-1H-benzimidazol-6-yl)oxy]methyl}quinoline (1). Introduction of an isopropyl group at the 2-position and a methoxy group at the 5-position of the benzimidazole ring of lead compound 1 resulted in the identification of 2-{[(2-isopropyl-5-methoxy-1-phenyl-1H-benzimidazol-6-yl)oxy]methyl}quinoline (25b), which exhibited potent PDE10A inhibitory activity with reduced CYP1A2 inhibitory activity compared to compound 1.     

Sufficient Amounts of Functional HOP2/MND1 Complex Promote Interhomolog DNA Repair but Are Dispensable for Intersister DNA Repair during Meiosis in Arabidopsis

During meiosis, homologous recombination (HR) is essential to repair programmed DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), and a dedicated protein machinery ensures that the homologous chromosome is favored over the nearby sister chromatid as a repair template. The HOMOLOGOUS-PAIRING PROTEIN2/MEIOTIC NUCLEAR DIVISION PROTEIN1 (HOP2/MND1) protein complex has been identified as a crucial factor of meiotic HR in Arabidopsis thaliana, since loss of either MND1 or HOP2 results in failure of DNA repair. We isolated two mutant alleles of HOP2 (hop2-2 and hop2-3) that retained the capacity to repair meiotic DSBs via the sister chromatid but failed to use the homologous chromosome. We show that in these alleles, the recombinases RADIATION SENSITIVE51 (RAD51) and DISRUPTED MEIOTIC cDNA1 (DMC1) are loaded, but only the intersister DNA repair pathway is activated. The hop2-2 phenotype is correlated with a decrease in HOP2/MND1 complex abundance. In hop2-3, a truncated HOP2 protein is produced that retains its ability to bind to DMC1 and DNA but forms less stable complexes with MND1 and fails to efficiently stimulate DMC1-driven D-loop formation. Genetic analyses demonstrated that in the absence of DMC1, HOP2/MND1 is dispensable for RAD51-mediated intersister DNA repair, while in the presence of DMC1, a minimal amount of functional HOP2/MND1 is essential to drive intersister DNA repair.     

Finding copepod footprints: a protocol for molecular identification of diapausing eggs in lake sediments

Even though calanoid copepods produce diapausing eggs that stay alive in lake sediments, these eggs have rarely been used paleolimnologically, as they lack diagnostic morphological features. In this study, we developed a method to identify copepod diapausing eggs in Japan as a clue toward reconstructing past plankton populations. We first determined a 28S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) (i.e., nc28S) regional sequence library (240 bp) of various calanoid copepod species using ethanol-fixed plankton samples collected from across the Japanese archipelago. Then we applied the UltraSHOT method to extract DNA from an individual diapausing egg. Finally, the nc28S region of diapausing eggs collected from various lakes was sequenced and compared with the regional library for species identification. In total, 21 haplotypes of the nc28S region were recovered from planktonic samples of 11 Japanese freshwater calanoid copepod species. Despite the short length of this region, no identical haplotypes were shared among the species analyzed, including the Acanthodiaptomus pacificus complex treated as a species. Even different lineages of A. pacificus could be separated. These results indicate that the nc28S region can be used as a barcode in Japan. A total of 112 diapausing eggs collected from various lakes and ponds was processed, and the nc28S region of each was successfully sequenced. All of these egg sequences matched one or the other of the nc28S haplotypes in the regional library mentioned above. The set of protocols we applied (i.e., preparing a comprehensive regional sequence library and sequencing egg DNA) is thus useful for involving copepod diapausing eggs in paleolimnological studies in lakes. The nc28S region treated in this study has a strong potential to uncover the paleodiversity of copepods, at least in Japan.     

Robustness of Gut Microbiota of Healthy Adults in Response to Probiotic Intervention Revealed by High-Throughput Pyrosequencing

Probiotics are live microorganisms that potentially confer beneficial outcomes to host by modulating gut microbiota in the intestine. The aim of this study was to comprehensively investigate effects of probiotics on human intestinal microbiota using 454 pyrosequencing of bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA genes with an improved quantitative accuracy for evaluation of the bacterial composition. We obtained 158 faecal samples from 18 healthy adult Japanese who were subjected to intervention with 6 commercially available probiotics containing either Bifidobacterium or Lactobacillus strains. We then analysed and compared bacterial composition of the faecal samples collected before, during, and after probiotic intervention by Operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and UniFrac distances. The results showed no significant changes in the overall structure of gut microbiota in the samples with and without probiotic administration regardless of groups and types of the probiotics used. We noticed that 32 OTUs (2.7% of all analysed OTUs) assigned to the indigenous species showed a significant increase or decrease of ≥10-fold or a quantity difference in >150 reads on probiotic administration. Such OTUs were found to be individual specific and tend to be unevenly distributed in the subjects. These data, thus, suggest robustness of the gut microbiota composition in healthy adults on probiotic administration.     

A Simple Sequence Repeat- and Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism-Based Genetic Linkage Map of the Brown Planthopper,Nilaparvata lugens

In this study, we developed the first genetic linkage map for the major rice insect pest, the brown planthopper (BPH, Nilaparvata lugens). The linkage map was constructed by integrating linkage data from two backcross populations derived from three inbred BPH strains. The consensus map consists of 474 simple sequence repeats, 43 single-nucleotide polymorphisms, and 1 sequence-tagged site, for a total of 518 markers at 472 unique positions in 17 linkage groups. The linkage groups cover 1093.9 cM, with an average distance of 2.3 cM between loci. The average number of marker loci per linkage group was 27.8. The sex-linkage group was identified by exploiting X-linked and Y-specific markers. Our linkage map and the newly developed markers used to create it constitute an essential resource and a useful framework for future genetic analyses in BPH.     

Ac-Globulin (Factor V): Preparation of a Practical Product

A procedure for the preparation of large quantities of very potent, high yield, partially pure bovine Ac-globulin concentrate, free of other clotting factors, is described. The isolation procedure involves a plasma recalcification step followed by ion exchange chromatography on a fully quaternized, amino ethyl cellulose. The resulting practical product is stable and represents virtually 100% yield with a purification of over 2000 times from bovine adsorbed plasma.     

Orally administered LPS enhances head kidney macrophage activation with down-regulation of IL-6 in common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Immunostimulants represent a promising aquaculture tool for enhancing disease and stress resistance in cultured fish. Moreover, the term and dose for acting immunostimulants is an important thing for fish farmer. This study investigated the immune parameters of common carp after oral administration of LPS (5, 10, 20 μg/kg/days) for 30 and 60 days, which is considered to be the proper time period for acting in aquaculture. Phagocytic and bactericidal activities of head kidney macrophages and serum lysozyme activities were significantly enhanced in LPS-fed carp. Orally administered LPS augmented the expression of interleukin (IL)-1β and TNF-α mRNAs but reduced the expression of IL-6 mRNA in head kidney. Although LPS was detected in the serum and liver after a high-dose (>15 mg/kg) oral administration, it was not detected by administered LPS-specific ELISA after a low-dose (<20 μg/kg) administration. It is speculated that orally administered LPS enhances the eliminating functions of head kidney macrophages with down-regulation of IL-6.     

Local Pharmacokinetic Analysis of a Stable Spin Probe in Mice by In Vivo L-band ESR with Surface-coil-type Resonators

In vivo ESR spectroscopy using a low frequency microwave of approximately 1 GHz has been developed to measure non-invasive ESR spectra in animals given paramagnetic compounds, in which a loop-gap-type resonator was used and ESR spectra were measured at the animal's head or abdomen. Therefore, the concentrations of paramagnetic species in both the blood and organs were compositely contributed to the spectra. When we understand the kinetics of paramagnetic species in detail, it is essentially important to know how these kinetics are expressed in each organ. For this purpose, a surface-coil-type resonator, which enabled local ESR measurement in specific organs, has been developed. By using this method, we studied the real-time pharmacokinetics of spin clearance curves detected in the organs of mice given 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (4-hydroxy-TEMPO) intravenously (i.v.), by monitoring the inferior vena cava, liver and kidney. Quantified clearance curves in the organs were analyzed on the basis of a two-compartment model, and pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated based on the curve-fitting. The obtained pharmacokinetic parameters were found to depend on the measurement site, and the distribution and elimination processes of the spin probe were successfully separated between the blood and organs of mice.     

Formation of TEMPOL-hydroxylamine during reaction between TEMPOL and hydroxyl radical: HPLC/ECD study

Nitroxyl radicals are important antioxidants that have been used to protect animal tissues from oxidative damage. Their reaction with hydroxyl radical (^?OH) is generally accepted to be the mechanism of antioxidant function. However, the direct interaction of nitroxyl radicals with ^?OH does not always provide a satisfactory explanation in various pH, because the concentration of hydrogen ion may affect the generation of secondary ^?OH-derived radicals. In the present study, it was confirmed that the reaction between 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl (TEMPOL) and ^?OH generated TEMPOL-hydroxylamine, 4-oxo-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl (TEMPON) and TEMPON-hydroxylamine using HPLC coupled with electrochemical detection. In the absence of NADH, TEMPOL-H may be generated by the reaction with secondary ^?OH-derived radicals in acidic condition. In the presence of NADH, a large proportion of the non-paramagnetic products was TEMPOL-H. Finally, it was clarified that TEMPOL-H was generated during dopamine metabolism, which is believed to be one of the ^?OH sources in pathological processes such as Parkinson's disease.