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71.
Takayuki Nishimura Midori Motoi Yuka Egashira Damee Choi Kiyoshi Aoyagi Shigeki Watanuki 《Journal of physiological anthropology》2015,34(1)
Background
The physiological function of non-shivering thermogenesis (NST) has been investigated in recent years, and some studies have discussed the importance of NST with respect to human cold adaptation. The present study aimed to clarify individual and seasonal variations in NST that occurred as a result of mild cold exposure.Methods
Seventeen male university students participated in the present study during summer and winter. The climate chamber used was programmed so that ambient temperature dropped from 28°C to 16°C over an 80-min period. Physiological parameters of test subjects were recorded during the experiments.Results
Increases in oxygen intake (VO2) during cold exposure were significantly greater without shivering in winter than they were in summer. Respiratory exchange ratio (RER) was significantly lower during thermoneutral baseline and cold exposure in winter than it was during the same periods in summer. In addition, there was a significant negative correlation between ΔVO2 and ΔRER.Conclusions
Increase of VO2 without shivering indicated increase of NST, and decrease of RER depends on the metabolization of fat in winter. These results suggested that NST activity was activated by seasonal acclimatization, and individual variation of NST depends on individual variation of fat metabolism. 相似文献72.
Kentaro Kazama Kazuhiko Hirata Takashi Yamamoto Hiroshi Hashimoto Akinori Takahashi Yasuaki Niizuma Philip N. Trathan Yutaka Watanuki 《Journal of avian biology》2013,44(6):603-608
Long‐lived animals sometimes skip one or more breeding seasons; however, little is known about their movements and activities during such ‘sabbatical’ periods. Here we present novel data on year‐round movements and activities of two male black‐tailed gulls Larus crassirostris during a sabbatical year. We compare the data with those in a year when they bred and with those of two other breeding males. The year‐round migration routes of two sabbatical males were consistent with those of the breeding males: they returned to the breeding area but did not visit the colony in the sabbatical year. They landed more frequently on water (a potential index of foraging effort) during the non‐breeding autumn and winter prior to the sabbatical year than before breeding. Sabbatical gulls may forage more intensively to recover body condition immediately after breeding. 相似文献
73.
74.
Kentaro Q. Sakamoto Katsufumi Sato Mayumi Ishizuka Yutaka Watanuki Akinori Takahashi Francis Daunt Sarah Wanless 《PloS one》2009,4(4)
An ethogram is a catalogue of discrete behaviors typically employed by a species. Traditionally animal behavior has been recorded by observing study individuals directly. However, this approach is difficult, often impossible, in the case of behaviors which occur in remote areas and/or at great depth or altitude. The recent development of increasingly sophisticated, animal-borne data loggers, has started to overcome this problem. Accelerometers are particularly useful in this respect because they can record the dynamic motion of a body in e.g. flight, walking, or swimming. However, classifying behavior using body acceleration characteristics typically requires prior knowledge of the behavior of free-ranging animals. Here, we demonstrate an automated procedure to categorize behavior from body acceleration, together with the release of a user-friendly computer application, “Ethographer”. We evaluated its performance using longitudinal acceleration data collected from a foot-propelled diving seabird, the European shag, Phalacrocorax aristotelis. The time series data were converted into a spectrum by continuous wavelet transformation. Then, each second of the spectrum was categorized into one of 20 behavior groups by unsupervised cluster analysis, using k-means methods. The typical behaviors extracted were characterized by the periodicities of body acceleration. Each categorized behavior was assumed to correspond to when the bird was on land, in flight, on the sea surface, diving and so on. The behaviors classified by the procedures accorded well with those independently defined from depth profiles. Because our approach is performed by unsupervised computation of the data, it has the potential to detect previously unknown types of behavior and unknown sequences of some behaviors. 相似文献
75.
Yutaka Watanuki Akiko Kato Katsufumi Sato Yasuaki Niizuma Charles A. Bost Yvon Le Maho Yasuhiko Naito 《Polar Biology》2002,25(9):672-681
Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) changed the pattern of energy allocation for self-maintenance and food provisioning among three colonies. Parents made longer trips (44-57 h) at Davis, where they foraged in open waters, than in Syowa (17-22 h) where fast sea-ice remained. Those at Dumont d'Urville, where the sea-ice disappeared in mid-summer, made trips of variable duration (22-41 h). During foraging trips, parents at Davis accumulated a greater amount of body tissue (0.40 kg) than parents at other locations (-0.06 to 0.13 kg) to offset the loss of body tissue during previous chick guarding. As a consequence, parents at these colonies had a similar body-mass decrease rate throughout the chick-rearing period (10-19 g/day). Parents with a smaller departure body mass seemed to make longer trips at Davis and Dumont d'Urville, and those making longer trips seemed to accumulate more body tissue at Davis, though these effects were not observed at Syowa. Stomach-content mass was greater at Davis (457 g) and Dumont d'Urville (551 g) than at Syowa (271-363 g), while the frequency of colony visits with meals was smaller at Davis (0.31/day per bird) and Dumont d'Urville (0.39/day per bird) than at Syowa (0.64-0.68/day per bird). Stomach-content mass was independent of trip duration. We propose the hypothesis that parents maintain their own body condition by regulating the accumulation of body tissue during foraging trips but change food provisioning with respect to variable foraging-trip duration. 相似文献
76.
We examined the effects of offspring food demand on parental regulation of food provisioning and body condition in a small long-lived seabird, Leachs storm-petrels (Oceanodroma leucorhoa). In one experimental group, food demand of chicks on their parents was increased by removing one parent (single), and in another group these food demands were decreased by supplementary feeding of chicks (supplement). A further unmanipulated group provided a control. Feeding frequencies by one parent were higher in the single but lower in the supplement than in the control group, in accordance with the food demand of chicks. The size of meals appeared to be not different among the experimental groups. However, as single parents did not compensate perfectly for the increase of chick food demand by food provisioning, single chicks grew at slower rates and fledged at smaller masses than control chicks. Supplement chicks grew at similar rates and fledged at similar masses as control chicks, because parents decreased food provisioning and food processing capacity of the chicks might be limited. The body condition of parents, which was determined by body mass loss and feather regrowth rate, did not differ among the groups. These results indicate that feeding frequency was regulated by parental decision in this storm-petrel species. Parents may adjust their food provisioning to match the food demand of chicks but within a certain range so as not to deteriorate their own body condition. 相似文献
77.
Yutaka Watanuki Akiko Kato Yasuhiko Naito Graham Robertson Sue Robinson 《Polar Biology》1997,17(4):296-304
The diving and foraging behaviours of Adélie penguins, Pygoscelis adeliae, rearing chiks at Hukuro Cove, Lützow-Holm Bay, where the fast sea-ice remained throughout summer, were compared to those
of penguins at Magnetic Island, Prydz Bay, where the fast sea-ice disappeared in early January. Parent penguins at Hukuro
Cove made shallower (7.1–11.3 m) but longer (90–111 s) dives than those at Magnetic Island (22.9 m and 62 s). Dive duration
correlated with dive depth at both colonies (r
2 = 0.001 ∼ 0.90), but the penguins atg Hukuro Cove made longer dives for a given depth. Parents at Hukuro Cove made shorter
foraging trips (8.1–14.4 h) with proportionally longer walking/swimming (diving < 1 m) travel time (27–40% of trip duration)
and returned with smaller meals (253–293 g) than those at Magnetic Island, which foraged on average for 57.2 h, spent 2% of
time walking/swimming ( < 1 m) travel, and with meals averaging 525 g. Trip duration at both colonies correlated to the total
time spent diving. Trip duration at Hukuro Cove, but not at Magnetic Island, increased as walking/swimming ( < 1 m) travel
time increased. These differences in foraging behaviour between colonies probably reflected differences in sea-ice cover and
the availability of foraging sites.
Received: 3 November 1995/Accepted: 29 May 1996 相似文献
78.
Air temperature, snow depth, and diet composition were found to affect the activity budgets of 1 ∼ 2-year-old, 3 ∼ 4-year-old
and adult female (>5 years old) Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata) in the Shimokita Peninsula. They spent more time resting as the air temperature decreased. They spent less time moving on
the ground, so that they moved shorter distances, where the snow was deep. However, they spent more time moving on the ground
as they fed more on fruits and seeds. Adult females moved mainly on the ground, while 1 ∼ 2-year-olds moved on the tree branches
as well as on the ground. Adult females increased their time moving on the tree branches where the snow was deep but 1 ∼ 2-
and 3 ∼ 4-year-olds did not. The 1 ∼ 2- and 3 ∼ 4-year-olds but not adult females increased their feeding time as they fed
more on buds and barks containing abundant fiber. We hypothesize that the large body size of adult females may constrain them
to move mainly on the ground, and might enable them to choose energy saving tactics more easily. 相似文献
79.
Coastal structures are constructed principally to protect the coast line. However, these structures also can act as artificial substrata for seaweeds. In particular, armor blocks, such as tetrapods, prove to be good algal substrata. Our field observations on the vegetation and standing crop of seaweed communities on armor blocks led us to the following conclusions: 1) Ecklonia cavacommunities grew on tetrapods that had been placed to coincide with the maturation period of E. cava. The communities have been maintained for more than four years. 2) The standing crop of seaweeds on an offshore breakwater composed of tetrapods placed seven years before was almost the same as that found under natural conditions. 3) Variations in roughened surfaces (pebbles or scores and grooves 3 or 46 mm wide) did not affect the growth of Sargassum spp. However, a greater number of Ecklonia stolonifera plants were observed attached to roughened surfaces compared to smooth surfaces. 相似文献
80.