中国东、南部的3个腔蚓属蚯蚓新物种

本文报道了寡毛纲(Oligochaeta)巨蚓科(Megascolecidae)腔蚓属(Metaphire)3个新发现物种,分别是象头山腔蚓(M. xiangtoumontis Dong & Jiang sp. nov.),韩摆渡腔蚓(M. hanbaiduensis Dong & Sun sp. nov.)和长白山腔蚓(M. changbaimontis Dong & Shen sp. nov.)。象头山腔蚓受精囊孔2对,位于7/8 ~ 8/9节间,属于M. insulana物种群。韩摆渡腔蚓受精囊孔3对,位于6/7 ~ 8/9节间,属于M. houlleti物种群。长白山腔蚓受精囊孔2对,位于6/7 ~ 7/8节间,属于M. glandularis物种群。所有新物种均附有形态学描述、图片、与相似物种的形态学比较及与GenBank上亲缘关系相近物种的遗传距离计算分析。以上结果丰富了我国腔蚓属蚯蚓的物种多样性,并首次记录了采集于长白山国家级自然保护区的巨蚓科蚯蚓新物种。     

桔梗种子萌发对低温、干旱及互作胁迫的响应

以药用植物桔梗种子为材料,研究了低温、干旱及其互作对种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,旨在探索在春寒干旱条件下其种子萌发对策及生态适应性,为桔梗野生种群恢复及人工栽培群体构建提供依据.结果表明,温度、干旱及其互作对桔梗种子萌发和幼苗生长均有显著影响.0-10％ PEG水分条件下,在变温10/20℃及恒温15-25℃下桔梗种子能够良好萌发(10％ PEG、20℃除外),而15％ PEG可显著抑制萌发.低温(10℃)下种子萌发始时间延迟,发芽率降低.随干旱胁迫程度的增加,10℃发芽率呈先升后降趋势,而其它温度下,发芽率和发芽指数均呈下降趋势.随温度的降低,幼苗根长、茎长及鲜重均呈下降趋势,且幼根生长对温度变化更为敏感.     

水稻化感品种对土壤微生物的影响

通过盆栽实验研究三叶期水稻化感品种对土壤微生物种群数量的影响。结果显示,土壤细菌、放线菌、真菌、氨化细菌和好气性自生固氮菌数量在水稻化感品种P1312777和水稻非化感品种“辽粳九”、“秋光”的土壤中存在显著差异,土壤中大多数微生物被水稻化感品种所抑制,但化感品种土壤中的放线菌和好气性纤维素分解菌数量则介于两种非化感品种之间。这一研究表明,水稻化感品种能显著地影响土壤微生物种群数量。     

不同农业土地利用方式和管理对土壤有机碳的影响 ——以北京市延庆盆地为例

自20世纪80年代以来,我国农业土地利用方式和农田管理发生了巨大变化,由此引起的土壤有机碳（SOC）含量、密度及其垂直分布发生了相应的变化,研究不同土地利用方式和管理对土壤有机碳的影响对于探讨农田生态系统的固碳作用具有重要的意义.以北京市延怀盆地为典型研究地区,选择6种农业土地利用和管理模式,共计42块样地,在1m深土体内分层采集197个土壤样品.研究结果表明：（1） 不同农业土地利用和管理方式对SOC含量的影响主要发生在0～25 cm土层中,剖面中SOC含量自上向下明显降低.（2） 通过对6种土地利用和管理方式下土壤SOC含量进行比较,结果发现果园和高投入的玉米地土壤在0～100 cm土层中SOC含量均较高,变化范围分别为4.16～10.00 g kg^-1和4.73～9.31 g kg^-1; 菜地土壤在0～40 cm土层中SOC含量较高,变化范围为6.42～9.67 g kg^-1;大豆地、中、低投入玉米地土壤在0～100 cm土层中SOC含量较低,变化范围分别为3.27～7.73 g kg^-1、3.14～8.33 g kg^-1和1.83～7.67 g kg^-1. （3） 不同农业土地利用方式对SOC密度影响的趋势与对SOC含量影响的趋势基本一致,在0～100 cm土壤中,SOC密度的顺序为果园＞菜地＞高投入玉米地＞中投入玉米地＞大豆地＞低投入玉米地,变化范围为4.15～8.22 kg m^-2.     

快速城市化背景下广西典型城市景观空间格局动态比较研究

随着城市化的快速发展与城市规模日益扩张,城市景观空间结构不断地被人为改变着,不合理的景观空间格局既削弱了区域的经济和社会发展功能,影响着城市生态环境质量的不断提高,也进一步制约着城市的可持续发展进程。以广西3座典型中心城市——南宁、柳州和桂林市为研究对象,利用6景Landsat5 TM和Landsat8 OLI/TIRS影像数据,通过遥感影像分类技术提取研究区的土地利用景观信息,对典型城市1990—2015年的景观空间格局特征与生态过程进行对比分析,旨在揭示快速城市化阶段重点城市核心景观要素的时空演化规律。结果表明:(1)在城市化进程加快的背景下,广西各典型城市的景观空间格局均发生了剧烈的变化。受人为影响强烈的土地利用景观类型变动最为显著,建设用地景观的不断扩张与耕地、林地景观的缩减是城市化发展的基本特征。(2)在水平空间上,城市建筑景观逐渐由核心圈层向外围圈层扩展,外围区的自然景观受人工干扰强度加大,景观类型逐渐丰富,但破碎化程度加剧。(3)在垂直空间上,城市景观类型呈现较显著的海拔分异特征,中、低海拔区是城镇化最集中的地带,建设用地的景观优势度增长最为显著。高海拔区因但受城市扩张与农业开发活动的胁迫,自然景观的优势度与团聚性呈下降趋势。(4)从城市功能定位来看,南宁、柳州和桂林市作为广西3座不同功能类型的中心城市,它们在区域社会经济发展方面起到重要的辐射和引领作用。该研究为科学开展城市景观规划、实施城市生态环境管理和推进广西城市化健康有序发展提供参考依据。     

溶藻弧菌群体基因组学研究

溶藻弧菌(Vibrio alginolyticus)是一种能够对人类以及鱼、虾、贝类等水产品致病的弧菌,给人类健康带来威胁,也给水产养殖业造成巨大的经济损失.目前该物种基于全基因组的遗传多样性和重要遗传元件研究报道较少.本研究对采集自全国4个省份的68株溶藻弧菌进行高通量测序,获得全基因组序列,并结合113株公开发表的...     

中国西南喀斯特地区植被变化时空特征及其成因

2000年以来,国家在中国西南喀斯特地区开展一系列生态治理工程,该地区退化生态系统得到一定程度的恢复,而2008年开展石漠化综合治理工程以来该地区的植被覆盖和生产力如何变化尚不清楚。本研究利用遥感增强型植被指数(EVI)和总初级生产力(GPP)数据,研究2000—2015年西南喀斯特地区植被EVI年均值和GPP年总量的时空变化特征,重点探讨2008年以来石漠化综合治理工程、气候变化等因素对植被覆盖及生长的影响,进而评估石漠化综合治理工程的成效。结果表明,2000—2015年西南喀斯特地区植被EVI总体显著增加,其中2008—2015年植被EVI均值和变化率分别比2000—2007年高6.9%和85.7%,EVI显著增加的区域占西南喀斯特地区的13.4%;该区域GPP年总量亦呈显著增加趋势(20.58 g C m-2a-1)。2008—2015年气温和降水对植被EVI变化趋势的贡献仅占28.3%,退耕还林还草等生态恢复措施、大气CO2浓度、大气氮沉降的增加可能是该区域植被覆盖显著增加的主要贡献因子。在100个首批石漠化综合治理试点县中,大部分试点县植被EVI的变化趋势受非气候因子的影响,其中治理面积大的县受非气候因子的影响显著高于治理面积小的县,表明石漠化综合治理工程的实施有效地促进了试点县植被覆盖的增加。     

Cold-induced phase separation for the simple and reliable extraction of sex hormones for subsequent LC-MS/MS analysis

Sex hormones, including androgens, estrogens, and progestogens, are important biomarkers for various diseases. Quantification of sex hormones is typically conducted by LC-MS/MS. At present, most methods require liquid-liquid extraction or solid phase extraction for sample preparation. However, these pretreatments are prone to compromise LC-MS/MS throughput. To improve on the current standard practices, we investigated cold-induced phase separation for sex hormone extraction. After protein precipitation with acetonitrile and adjusting the solution constitution with water, samples were stored at ?30°C for 10 min to generate two distinct phases: an acetonitrile-rich layer on top of a water-rich layer. During this process, the hydrophobic sex hormones spontaneously separate into the upper layer. This simple and reliable cold-induced phase separation-based LC-MS/MS methodology was used here to simultaneously detect estrone, estradiol, estriol, testosterone, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone, progesterone, and 17-hydroxyprogesterone in serum. Validation of this method indicated satisfactory performance, including acceptable linearity, accuracy, precision, and tractability. Compared with the mainstream liquid-liquid extraction-based method, this new method exhibits significant progress in throughput, which shortens the time cost of sample preparation from 90 to 40 min. We propose that this method can be an excellent alternative for sex hormone analysis in routine clinical laboratories.     

Viral metagenomics reveals diverse viruses in the fecal samples of children with diarrhea

Diarrhea is the third leading cause of death in developing countries in children under the age of five. About half a million children die of diarrhea every year, most of which in developing countries. Viruses are the main pathogen of diarrhea. In China, the fecal virome of children with diarrhea has been rarely studied. Using an unbiased viral metagenomics approach, we analyzed the fecal virome in children with diarrhea. Many DNA or RNA viruses associated with diarrhea identified in those fecal samples were mainly from six families of Adenoviridae, Astroviridae, Caliciviridae, Parvoviridae, Picornaviridae, and Reoviridae. Among them, the family of Caliciviridae accounts for the largest proportion of 78.42%, following with Adenoviridae (8.94%) and Picornaviridae (8.36%). In addition to those diarrhea-related viruses that have already been confirmed to cause human diarrhea, the viruses not associated with diarrhea were also identified including anellovirus and picobirnavirus. This study increased our understanding of diarrheic children fecal virome and provided valuable information for the prevention and treatment of viral diarrhea in this area.     

Cryo-EM structure of glycoprotein C from Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is a causative agent of serious hemorrhagic diseases in humans with high mortality rates. CCHFV glycoprotein Gc plays critical roles in mediating virus-host membrane fusion and has been studied extensively as an immunogen. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in membrane fusion and Gc-specific antibody-antigen interactions remain unresolved largely because structural information of this glycoprotein is missing. We designed a trimeric protein including most of the ectodomain region of Gc from the prototype CCHFV strain, IbAr10200, which enabled the cryo-electron microscopy structure to be solved at a resolution of 2.8 ?. The structure confirms that CCHFV Gc is a class II fusion protein. Unexpectedly, structural comparisons with other solved Gc trimers in the postfusion conformation revealed that CCHFV Gc adopted hybrid architectural features of the fusion loops from hantaviruses and domain III from phenuiviruses, suggesting a complex evolutionary pathway among these bunyaviruses. Antigenic sites on CCHFV Gc that protective neutralizing antibodies target were mapped onto the CCHFV Gc structure, providing valuable information that improved our understanding of potential neutralization mechanisms of various antibodies.