Y-chromosomal diversity in Lebanon is structured by recent historical events

Lebanon is an eastern Mediterranean country inhabited by approximately four million people with a wide variety of ethnicities and religions, including Muslim, Christian, and Druze. In the present study, 926 Lebanese men were typed with Y-chromosomal SNP and STR markers, and unusually, male genetic variation within Lebanon was found to be more strongly structured by religious affiliation than by geography. We therefore tested the hypothesis that migrations within historical times could have contributed to this situation. Y-haplogroup J*(xJ2) was more frequent in the putative Muslim source region (the Arabian Peninsula) than in Lebanon, and it was also more frequent in Lebanese Muslims than in Lebanese non-Muslims. Conversely, haplogroup R1b was more frequent in the putative Christian source region (western Europe) than in Lebanon and was also more frequent in Lebanese Christians than in Lebanese non-Christians. The most common R1b STR-haplotype in Lebanese Christians was otherwise highly specific for western Europe and was unlikely to have reached its current frequency in Lebanese Christians without admixture. We therefore suggest that the Islamic expansion from the Arabian Peninsula beginning in the seventh century CE introduced lineages typical of this area into those who subsequently became Lebanese Muslims, whereas the Crusader activity in the 11(th)-13(th) centuries CE introduced western European lineages into Lebanese Christians.     

Adaptive evolution of UGT2B17 copy-number variation

The human UGT2B17 gene varies in copy number from zero to two per individual and also differs in mean number between populations from Africa, Europe, and East Asia. We show that such a high degree of geographical variation is unusual and investigate its evolutionary history. This required first reinterpreting the reference sequence in this region of the genome, which is misassembled from the two different alleles separated by an artifactual gap. A corrected assembly identifies the polymorphism as a 117 kb deletion arising by nonallelic homologous recombination between ~4.9 kb segmental duplications and allows the deletion breakpoint to be identified. We resequenced ~12 kb of DNA spanning the breakpoint in 91 humans from three HapMap and one extended HapMap populations and one chimpanzee. Diversity was unusually high and the time to the most recent common ancestor was estimated at ~2.4 or ~3.0 million years by two different methods, with evidence of balancing selection in Europe. In contrast, diversity was low in East Asia where a single haplotype predominated, suggesting positive selection for the deletion in this part of the world.     

MiR‐342 controls Mycobacterium tuberculosis susceptibility by modulating inflammation and cell death

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) that places a heavy strain on public health. Host susceptibility to Mtb is modulated by macrophages, which regulate the balance between cell apoptosis and necrosis. However, the role of molecular switches that modulate apoptosis and necrosis during Mtb infection remains unclear. Here, we show that Mtb‐susceptible mice and TB patients have relatively low miR‐342‐3p expression, while mice with miR‐342‐3p overexpression are more resistant to Mtb. We demonstrate that the miR‐342‐3p/SOCS6 axis regulates anti‐Mtb immunity by increasing the production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Most importantly, the miR‐342‐3p/SOCS6 axis participates in the switching between Mtb‐induced apoptosis and necrosis through A20‐mediated K48‐linked ubiquitination and RIPK3 degradation. Our findings reveal several strategies by which the host innate immune system controls intracellular Mtb growth via the miRNA‐mRNA network and pave the way for host‐directed therapies targeting these pathways.     

中药大黄的综合研究XXXI．大黄蒽醌衍生物系统分离的改进方法

西宁大黄小碎片加到20％硫酸溶液和氯仿的混合液中,在水浴中回流以水解,提取,氯仿提取液相继以5％碳酸氢钾溶液,5％氢氧化钾溶液振荡提取,提取液分别以盐酸酸化,即分离得大黄酸,大黄素,芦荟大黄素及大黄酚和大黄素甲醚混合物等黄色沉淀物,后者再以硅胶柱层析分离,可得大黄酚和大黄素甲醚单体,上述五种蒽醌衍生物再经结晶即得纯品。     

加拿大自然保护区规划的启迪

为了更好地国际接轨,搞好自然保护区的管理工作,我们需要学习其他国家的先进经验,本文重点介绍加拿大自然保护区规划方面的典型经验,包括系统规划,综合管理规划,资源管理规划,服务规划,行动规划,以及各种规划之间的关系,并提出了对我们的启迪与可借鉴之处。     

氨肽酶N的表达及其与结石形成的关系(英文)

 为研究大鼠高胆固醇饮食时 ,肝脏氨肽酶N(APN)在实验结石形成中可能的结石发生作用 ,采用 1.2 %胆固醇饮食 4周 ,诱发新西兰兔胆囊结石形成 .根据兔APN基因cDNA序列设计引物 ,提取肝脏总RNA .利用RT PCR检测肝脏APNmRNA水平的变化 ,用组织化学方法观察肝脏毛细胆管膜上APN的表达 .观察新西兰兔胆囊结石形成过程中肝脏APN的mRNA水平的变化、APN表达及胆汁中APN活性、胆脂、总蛋白含量的变化 ,探讨APN在胆石形成中可能的作用 .经成石饲料饲养后 ,随着胆汁饱和度增加和APN活性加强 ,胆囊结石组肝脏APNmRNA水平较对照组明显增高 ,胆囊结石组胆汁中总胆固醇、CSI、总蛋白浓度及APN活性均明显高于对照组 ,且胆汁中APN活性与肝脏APN的表达及胆汁CSI增高呈正相关 .结果提示 ,当存在胆汁过饱和的情况下 ,APN很可能作为促成核因子在胆结石形成早期发挥重要作用     

Tropic1808基因的原核表达及其表达产物的生物活性

Tropic180 8基因是新近获得的一个鼠源性的cDNA .Tropic180 8基因开放阅读框架片段通过PCR方法从质粒中扩增后 ,重组入表达载体pET 2 1a中 ,转化大肠杆菌BL2 1(DE3 ) .用IPTG诱导目的蛋白的表达 ,SDS PAGE并凝胶图象分析确定目的蛋白表达水平占细菌总蛋白的 14%以上 .表达蛋白在N端融合有 16个氨基酸 ,将表达蛋白电转移至PVDF膜 .氨基酸序列分析表明 ,其N端第 17～ 2 5位氨基酸序列与Tropic180 8基因编码序列一致 .利用融合部分含T7·Tag ,通过亲和层析纯化表达蛋白 ,经Westernblot检测为目的蛋白 ,加入到无血清培养的新生SD大鼠背根神经节 (DRG)中 ,观察到表达蛋白对DRG具有促进存活和促进突起生长的作用 .     

膜翅目昆虫干标本的基因组DNA提取

提出了膜翅目昆虫干标本基因组DNA的提取方法,通过对实验结果和所测得的基因片段（28S D2 rDNA)的分析,表明该方法可行。     

膜翅目精子结构研究新进展

根据观察,膜翅目昆虫精子由顶体,精核,中部,尾部四个主要部分构成。顶体具顶体丝,中部具轴丝,中部与精核间具线粒体衍生物。本文同时对膜翅目,分别隶属12个科,10个总科中的2个亚目昆虫精子的顶体、精核、线粒体衍生物、轴丝等结构的研究状况进行概括,并应用精子结构特征对上述类群的系统发育状况进行讨论。