全文获取类型
收费全文 | 12349篇 |
免费 | 1183篇 |
国内免费 | 8篇 |
专业分类
13540篇 |
出版年
2021年 | 118篇 |
2019年 | 93篇 |
2018年 | 125篇 |
2017年 | 132篇 |
2016年 | 197篇 |
2015年 | 394篇 |
2014年 | 360篇 |
2013年 | 510篇 |
2012年 | 651篇 |
2011年 | 605篇 |
2010年 | 421篇 |
2009年 | 348篇 |
2008年 | 572篇 |
2007年 | 583篇 |
2006年 | 531篇 |
2005年 | 606篇 |
2004年 | 518篇 |
2003年 | 521篇 |
2002年 | 491篇 |
2001年 | 227篇 |
2000年 | 208篇 |
1999年 | 207篇 |
1998年 | 169篇 |
1997年 | 132篇 |
1996年 | 136篇 |
1995年 | 131篇 |
1994年 | 118篇 |
1993年 | 149篇 |
1992年 | 153篇 |
1991年 | 158篇 |
1990年 | 164篇 |
1989年 | 165篇 |
1988年 | 166篇 |
1987年 | 128篇 |
1986年 | 132篇 |
1985年 | 107篇 |
1984年 | 112篇 |
1983年 | 103篇 |
1982年 | 99篇 |
1981年 | 135篇 |
1980年 | 98篇 |
1979年 | 136篇 |
1978年 | 119篇 |
1977年 | 112篇 |
1975年 | 91篇 |
1974年 | 115篇 |
1973年 | 123篇 |
1972年 | 95篇 |
1970年 | 101篇 |
1969年 | 90篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
971.
Leo S. Luckinbill Michael J. Clare Walter L. Krell William C. Cirocco Paula A. Richards 《Evolutionary ecology》1987,1(1):37-46
Summary Although many different physiological and biochemical changes characterize the process of senescence, little is understood of the genetic elements that determine its age of onset. We provide here the first estimates of the number of genetic factors that extend longevity inDrosophila melanogaster. Life span was measured in F1, F2 and backcrosses of true-breeding long and short-lived stocks ofD. melanogaster, established by selection. Estimates of the number of effective factors delaying senescence range from about 0.3 to 1.5, indicating control by a single factor. The distribution of longevity shows this to arise as selection acts on the short-lived parental stock. Life span is extended at the cost of early fecundity. 相似文献
972.
Tissue-specific expression of porphobilinogen deaminase. Two isoenzymes from a single gene 总被引:18,自引:0,他引:18
B Grandchamp H De Verneuil C Beaumont S Chretien O Walter Y Nordmann 《European journal of biochemistry》1987,162(1):105-110
Porphobilinogen deaminase (hydroxymethylbilane synthase; EC 4.3.1.8), the third enzyme of the heme biosynthetic pathway, catalyzes the stepwise condensation of four porphobilinogen units to yield hydroxymethylbilane, which is in turn converted to uroporphyrinogen III by cosynthetase. We compared the apparent molecular mass of porphobilinogen deaminase from erythropoietic and from non-erythropoietic cells by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immune-blotting. The results indicate that two isoforms of porphobilinogen deaminase can be distinguished and differ by 2000 Da. Analysis of cell-free translation products directed by mRNAs from human erythropoietic spleen and from human liver demonstrates that the two isoforms of porphobilinogen deaminase are encoded by distinct messenger RNAs. We cloned and sequenced cDNAs complementary to the non-erythropoietic form of porphobilinogen deaminase encoding RNA. Comparison of these sequences to that of human erythropoietic mRNA [Raich et al. (1986) Nucleic Acids Res. 14, 5955-5968] revealed that the two mRNA species differ by their 5' extremity. From the mRNA sequences we could deduce that an additional peptide of 17 amino acid residues at the NH2 terminus of the non-erythropoietic isoform of porphobilinogen deaminase accounts for its higher molecular mass. RNase mapping experiments demonstrate that the two porphobilinogen deaminase mRNAs are distributed according to a strict tissue-specificity, the erythropoietic form being restricted to erythropoietic cells. We propose that a single porphobilinogen deaminase gene is transcribed from two different promoters, yielding the two forms of porphobilinogen deaminase mRNAs. Our present finding may have some relevance for further understanding the porphobilinogen deaminase deficiency in certain cases of acute intermittent porphyria with an enzymatic defect restricted in non-erythropoietic cells. 相似文献
973.
Lihua Zhang Fenghui Yuan Junhong Bai Hongtao Duan Xueying Gu Longyu Hou Yao Huang Mingan Yang Jin‐Sheng He Zhenhua Zhang Lijun Yu Changchun Song David A. Lipson Donatella Zona Walter Oechel Ivan A. Janssens Xiaofeng Xu 《Ecology letters》2020,23(5):821-830
Grassland ecosystems account for more than 10% of the global CH4 sink in soils. A 4‐year field experiment found that addition of P alone did not affect CH4 uptake and experimental addition of N alone significantly suppressed CH4 uptake, whereas concurrent N and P additions suppressed CH4 uptake to a lesser degree. A meta‐analysis including 382 data points in global grasslands corroborated these findings. Global extrapolation with an empirical modelling approach estimated that contemporary N addition suppresses CH4 sink in global grassland by 11.4% and concurrent N and P deposition alleviates this suppression to 5.8%. The P alleviation of N‐suppressed CH4 sink is primarily attributed to substrate competition, defined as the competition between ammonium and CH4 for the methane mono‐oxygenase enzyme. The N and P impacts on CH4 uptake indicate that projected increases in N and P depositions might substantially affect CH4 uptake and alter the global CH4 cycle. 相似文献
974.
Tony Heitkam Beatrice Weber Ines Walter Susan Liedtke Charlotte Ost Thomas Schmidt 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》2020,103(1):32-52
If two related plant species hybridize, their genomes may be combined and duplicated within a single nucleus, thereby forming an allotetraploid. How the emerging plant balances two co‐evolved genomes is still a matter of ongoing research. Here, we focus on satellite DNA (satDNA), the fastest turn‐over sequence class in eukaryotes, aiming to trace its emergence, amplification, and loss during plant speciation and allopolyploidization. As a model, we used Chenopodium quinoa Willd. (quinoa), an allopolyploid crop with 2n = 4x = 36 chromosomes. Quinoa originated by hybridization of an unknown female American Chenopodium diploid (AA genome) with an unknown male Old World diploid species (BB genome), dating back 3.3–6.3 million years. Applying short read clustering to quinoa (AABB), C. pallidicaule (AA), and C. suecicum (BB) whole genome shotgun sequences, we classified their repetitive fractions, and identified and characterized seven satDNA families, together with the 5S rDNA model repeat. We show unequal satDNA amplification (two families) and exclusive occurrence (four families) in the AA and BB diploids by read mapping as well as Southern, genomic, and fluorescent in situ hybridization. Whereas the satDNA distributions support C. suecicum as possible parental species, we were able to exclude C. pallidicaule as progenitor due to unique repeat profiles. Using quinoa long reads and scaffolds, we detected only limited evidence of intergenomic homogenization of satDNA after allopolyploidization, but were able to exclude dispersal of 5S rRNA genes between subgenomes. Our results exemplify the complex route of tandem repeat evolution through Chenopodium speciation and allopolyploidization, and may provide sequence targets for the identification of quinoa's progenitors. 相似文献
975.
976.
Hartmut Jahns Rohan Degaonkar Peter Podbevsek Swati Gupta Anna Bisbe Krishna Aluri John Szeto Pawan Kumar Sarah LeBlanc Tim Racie Christopher
R Brown Adam Castoreno Dale
C Guenther Vasant Jadhav Martin
A Maier Janez Plavec Martin Egli Muthiah Manoharan Ivan Zlatev 《Nucleic acids research》2021,49(18):10250
977.
978.
Castiglia R Corti M Colangelo P Annesi F Capanna E Verheyen W Sichilima AM Makundi R 《Hereditas》2003,139(2):81-89
Aethomys is a common and widespread rodent genus in the African savannas and grasslands. However, its systematics and taxonomy are still unclear as no study has covered the entire range. In fact it might not be a monophyletic genus and perhaps should be split into two subgenera, Micaelamys and Aethomys. In this paper, we present findings based on the cytogenetics and the entire cytochrome b sequence of two species from Zambia (A. kaiseri) and Tanzania (A. chrysophilus), and we compare them with the sequences of a South African species (A. namaquensis) and other allied muroid genera. Comparison of the banded chromosomes revealed complete G-band homology between the autosomes of the two species. However, the X and Y chromosomes clearly differ in size and in C- and G-banding, being much larger in A. kaiseri. Comparison of the cytochrome b sequences places the separation between A. kaiseri and A. chrysophilus at 4.49 Mya, a period of intense speciation in other African muroids. The resulting phylogeny strongly supports the idea of a paraphyletic group, suggesting the need to elevate the previously described subgenera to the genus rank. 相似文献
979.
Noordam R Jansen SW Akintola AA Oei NY Maier AB Pijl H Slagboom PE Westendorp RG van der Grond J de Craen AJ van Heemst D;Leiden Longevity Study group 《PloS one》2012,7(2):e31166
Background
Reported findings are inconsistent whether hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) signaling becomes hyperactive with increasing age, resulting in increasing levels of cortisol. Our previous research strongly suggests that offspring from long-lived families are biologically younger. In this study we assessed whether these offspring have a lower HPA axis activity, as measured by lower levels of cortisol and higher cortisol feedback sensitivity.Methods
Salivary cortisol levels were measured at four time points within the first hour upon awakening and at two time points in the evening in a cohort comprising 149 offspring and 154 partners from the Leiden Longevity Study. A dexamethasone suppression test was performed as a measure of cortisol feedback sensitivity. Age, gender and body mass index, smoking and disease history (type 2 diabetes and hypertension) were considered as possible confounding factors.Results
Salivary cortisol secretion was lower in offspring compared to partners in the morning (Area Under the Curve = 15.6 versus 17.1 nmol/L, respectively; p = 0.048) and in the evening (Area Under the Curve = 3.32 versus 3.82 nmol/L, respectively; p = 0.024). Salivary cortisol levels were not different after dexamethasone (0.5 mg) suppression between offspring and partners (4.82 versus 5.26 nmol/L, respectively; p = 0.28).Conclusion
Offspring of nonagenarian siblings are marked by a lower HPA axis activity (reflected by lower diurnal salivary cortisol levels), but not by a difference in cortisol feedback sensitivity. Further in-depth studies aimed at characterizing the HPA axis in offspring and partners are needed. 相似文献980.