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121.
Direct stimulation of monocyte release of interleukin 1 by mycobacterial protein antigens 总被引:19,自引:0,他引:19
We examined stimulation of monocyte (MN) release of interleukin 1 (IL 1) by soluble microbial products. MN from tuberculin skin test nonreactive donors incubated with PPD (100 micrograms/ml) released IL 1 activity of 80.5 +/- 33.9 U/ml (mean +/- SD, n = 6), similar to that induced by optimal concentrations of LPS (76.4 U/ml). OKT3-reactive cells were not required for this process. PPD-stimulated IL 1 release by MN did not appear to be due to endotoxin contamination, as 1) PPD contained 0.01% endotoxin, 2) MN incubated in LPS (0.1 micrograms/ml) produced 19.5 +/- 13.9 U/ml, significantly less than PPD (p = 0.03), and 3) addition of polymyxin B (12.5 micrograms/ml) abrogated IL 1 production in response to LPS (0.1 microgram/ml) but had no significant effect on PPD induction of IL 1. Antigen 5, a partially purified cytoplasmic antigen of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, had similar IL 1-inducing effects. Arabinogalactan (a mycobacterial polysaccharide), streptolysin O, and tetanus toxoid did not. Thus, mycobacterial protein antigens directly stimulate MN to release IL 1. This property may be central to the response of the naive host to mycobacterial infection and may play a pathophysiologic role in tuberculosis. 相似文献
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Development of Methods for Detecting Viruses in Solid Waste Landfill Leachates 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
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Methods were developed for detecting and concentrating enteric viruses in municipal solid waste landfill leachates. Poliovirus added to a leachate was not readily detectable, possibly because the virus was adsorbed to the leachate particulates. The masking effects associated with suspended solids in the leachate were overcome by adding a final 0.1 M sodium (tetra)ethylenediaminetetraacetate concentration to the leachate. A sodium (tetra)ethylenediaminetetraacetate-treated leachate could be clarified by filtration at pH 8.0 without a loss of virus. The clarified and sodium (tetra)ethylenediaminetetraacetate-treated leachate contained interfering materials of an anionic nature which prevented virus adsorption to epoxy-fiber glass filters. This interfering effect was overcome by treating the leachate with an anion-exchange resin. Viruses in the resin-treated leachate were concentrated by adjusting the leachate to pH 3.5, adding AlCl(3) to a final 0.005 M concentration, adsorbing the viruses to an epoxy-fiber glass virus adsorbent, and eluting the adsorbed viruses in a small volume. When this method was used to concentrate poliovirus 100-fold in a variety of leachates, the average virus recovery efficiency was 37%. With the methods described in this study, it should be possible to efficiently monitor solid waste disposal site leachates for enteric viruses. 相似文献
125.
Enhanced Detection of Australia Antigen in Serum Hepatitis Patients by Discontinuous Counter-Immunoelectrophoresis 总被引:11,自引:4,他引:7
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The use of discontinuous counter-immunoelectrophoresis enhanced the reaction between Au/SH antigen and its antibody in agarose. The ionic strength of the Veronal buffer used in the agarose was 0.015 mu, whereas 0.075 mu Veronal (both pH 8.6) was used for anode and cathode buffers. Electroendosmosis is increased under such conditions. Au/SH antigen and antibody reacted to give sharp lines within 30 to 45 min as compared with conventional counter-immunoelectrophoresis which required 1 to 3 hr or longer. 相似文献
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Efficient Filtration and Sizing of Viruses with Membrane Filters 总被引:8,自引:1,他引:7
Untreated membrane filters retain viruses by adsorption, as well as by physical restriction which occurs when the pore diameter of the filter is smaller than that of the virus particle. As originally recommended by Elford, membranes had to be pretreated with proteinaceous material to preclude virus adsorption. However, coating materials that prevent adsorption of certain viruses do not necessarily prevent adsorption of other viruses. In contrast to proteins, salts enhance virus adsorption. Viruses treated with sodium lauryl sulfate to reduce the surface tension, or purified viruses in distilled water, are not adsorbed to membranes. A procedure is recommended by which viruses may be passed through membranes with a porosity twice the diameter of the virus. Such filtrates, which contain 50 to 100% of the initial virus concentration, should be used for sizing viruses by subsequent filtration through smaller pores. The determination of virus size would then be based on the major population of particles in the virus suspension. In the past, as little as 0.1 to 0.001% of the initial virus population was the basis for size determination, because more than 99.9% of the virus was often lost by adsorption to membranes during the clarifying procedures. 相似文献
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Tanner C. Dixon Christina M. Merrick Joni D. Wallis Richard B. Ivry Jose M. Carmena 《PLoS computational biology》2021,17(11)
Pronounced activity is observed in both hemispheres of the motor cortex during preparation and execution of unimanual movements. The organizational principles of bi-hemispheric signals and the functions they serve throughout motor planning remain unclear. Using an instructed-delay reaching task in monkeys, we identified two components in population responses spanning PMd and M1. A “dedicated” component, which segregated activity at the level of individual units, emerged in PMd during preparation. It was most prominent following movement when M1 became strongly engaged, and principally involved the contralateral hemisphere. In contrast to recent reports, these dedicated signals solely accounted for divergence of arm-specific neural subspaces. The other “distributed” component mixed signals for each arm within units, and the subspace containing it did not discriminate between arms at any stage. The statistics of the population response suggest two functional aspects of the cortical network: one that spans both hemispheres for supporting preparatory and ongoing processes, and another that is predominantly housed in the contralateral hemisphere and specifies unilateral output. 相似文献
130.
Interspecific hybridization causes long‐term phylogenetic discordance between nuclear and mitochondrial genomes in freshwater fishes
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Graham P. Wallis Sophia R. Cameron‐Christie Hannah L. Kennedy Gemma Palmer Tessa R. Sanders David J. Winter 《Molecular ecology》2017,26(12):3116-3127
Classification, phylogeography and the testing of evolutionary hypotheses rely on correct estimation of species phylogeny. Early molecular phylogenies often relied on mtDNA alone, which acts as a single linkage group with one history. Over the last decade, the use of multiple nuclear sequences has often revealed conflict among gene trees. This observation can be attributed to hybridization, lineage sorting, paralogy or selection. Here, we use 54 groups of fishes from 48 studies to estimate the degree of concordance between mitochondrial and nuclear gene trees in two ecological grades of fishes: marine and freshwater. We test the hypothesis that freshwater fish phylogenies should, on average, show more discordance because of their higher propensity for hybridization in the past. In keeping with this idea, concordance between mitochondrial and nuclear gene trees (as measured by proportion of components shared) is on average 50% higher in marine fishes. We discuss why this difference almost certainly results from introgression caused by greater historical hybridization among lineages in freshwater groups, and further emphasize the need to use multiple nuclear genes, and identify conflict among them, in estimation of species phylogeny. 相似文献