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Scott L. Hooper Michael B. O'Neil Robert Wagner John Ewer Jorge Golowasch Eve Marder 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1986,159(2):227-240
Summary The muscles of the pyloric region of the stomach of the crab,Cancer borealis, are innervated by motorneurons found in the stomatogastric ganglion (STG). Electrophysiological recording and stimulating techniques were used to study the detailed pattern of innervation of the pyloric region muscles. Although there are two Pyloric Dilator (PD) motorneurons in lobsters, previous work reported four PD motorneurons in the crab STG (Dando et al. 1974; Hermann 1979a, b). We now find that only two of the crab PD neurons innervate muscles homologous to those innervated by the PD neurons in the lobster,Panulirus interrruptus. The remaining two PD neurons innervate muscles that are innervated by pyloric (PY) neurons inP. interruptus. The innervation patterns of the Lateral Pyloric (LP), Ventricular Dilator (VD), Inferior Cardiac (IC), and PY neurons were also determined and compared with those previously reported in lobsters. Responses of the muscles of the pyloric region to the neurotransmitters, acetylcholine (ACh) and glutamate, were determined by application of exogenous cholinergic agonists and glutamate. The effect of the cholinergic antagonist, curare, on the amplitude of the excitatory junctional potentials (EJPs) evoked by stimulation of the pyloric motor nerves was measured. These experiments suggest that the differences in innervation pattern of the pyloric muscles seen in crab and lobsters are also associated with a change in the neurotransmitter active on these muscles. Possible implications of these findings for phylogenetic relations of decapod crustaceans and for the evolution of neural circuits are discussed.Abbreviations
ACh
acetylcholine
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Carb
carbamylcholine
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cpv
muscles of the cardio-pyloric valve
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cpv7n
nerve innervating muscle cpv7
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cv
muscles of the ventral cardiac ossicles
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cv1n
nerve innervating muscle cvl
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cv2n
nerve innervating muscle cv2
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EJP
excitatory junctional potential
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IC
inferior cardiac neuron
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IV
inferior ventricular neuron
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IVN
inferior ventricular nerve
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LP
lateral pyloric neuron
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LPG
lateral posterior gastric neuron
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lvn
lateral ventricular nerve
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mvn
medial ventricular nerve
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p
muscles of the pylorus
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PD
pyloric dilator neuron
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PD
in
intrinsic PD neuron
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PD
ex
extrinsic PD neuron
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pdn
pyloric dilator nerve
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PY
pyloric neuron
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pyn
pyloric nerve
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STG
stomatogastric ganglion
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VD
ventricular dilator neuron 相似文献
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Chloroplast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD, EC 1.2.1.13) was purified from leaves of Chenopodium rubrum L. Aggregated (≥ 106 ) and disaggregated (165 × 103 ) molecular weight forms were obtained by gel filtration in the presence of NAD+ and NADP+ , respectively. The disaggregated enzyme was separated into two isozymes by inverse ammonium sulphate gradient solubilization: "NADP-GPD I" was homotetrameric (subunit molecular weight 39 × 103 ); "NADP-GPD II" was heterotetrameric (subunit molecular weights 39 × 103 and 43 × 103 ). Isoelectric focusing of the isozymes, both aggregated and disaggregated, revealed two isoelectric forms in each case, at 4.3 and 7.7. Chloroplast GPD was "NADP-suppressed" in crude extracts due to partial oxidation, incubation with dithioerythritol restored full activity. 相似文献
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Methods are described for the production of vesicular stomatitis (VS) virus of sufficient purity for reliable chemical analysis. VS virions released from infected cells were concentrated and purified at least 150-fold by sequential steps of precipitation with polyethylene glycol, column chromatography, rate zonal centrifugation, and equilibrium centrifugation. The Indiana serotype (VS(Ind) virus) propagated in L-cells was found to contain 3% ribonucleic acid, 64% protein, 13% carbohydrate, and 20% lipid; the molar ratio of cholesterol to phospholipid was 0.6 or greater. Thin-layer chromatography revealed no unusual neutral lipids or phospholipids and gas-liquid chromatography revealed no unusual fatty acids incorporated into VS virions. The antigenically distinct New Jersey serotype (VS(NJ) virus) grown in L-cells showed a similar lipid profile except that the proportion of neutral lipids was larger than in VS(Ind) virus also grown in L-cells. This differences was less pronounced when the lipid composition of VS(Ind) and VS(NJ) viruses grown in chick embryo cells was compared, but VS(NJ) virus grown in either cell type always contained larger amounts of neutral lipids other than cholesterol than did VS(Ind) virus. The lipid composition of both VS(Ind) and VS(NJ) viruses grown in L-cells or chick embryo cells more closely resembled that of plasma membrane than of whole cells. A consistent finding was the relatively large amounts of phosphatidylethanolamine and sphingomyelin and the relatively small amounts of phosphatidylcholine in both VS viruses compared with uninfected whole L-cells and chick embryo cells or their plasma membranes. The methods available for isolation of plasma membranes were inadequate for conclusive comparison of the lipids of VS virions with the lipids of the plasma membranes of their host cells. Nevertheless, the data obtained are consistent with two hypotheses: (i) the lipid composition of VS viruses primarily reflects their membrane site of maturation, and (ii) the newly synthesized viral proteins inserted into cell membranes influence the proportions of phospholipids and neutral lipids selected for incorporation into the viral membrane. 相似文献
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A complete procedure for the synthesis of 1-14C-glucosamine-labeled UDP-N-acetylglucosamine is described. Glucosamine is first phosphorylated with ATP and hexokinase to form glucosamine 6-phosphate. This is N-acetylated with acetic anhydride, and the product is converted to UDP-N-acetylglucosamine by incubation with a crude yeast extract. The sugar nucleotide is isolated from the incubation mixture by paper electrophoresis, and purified by paper chromatography. 相似文献
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