有害生物综合治理的未来发展(英文)

本文是1998年6月作者在广州召开的国际有害生物学术讨论会上的大会发言稿。撰写本文的主旨就在于促进有关有害生物综合治理（IP）的思想探索与评议。当今在世界各国，甚至在一国之内，对IPM的看法和认识颇不一致。本文内容首先评论这些看法和认识。接着，对IPM实施得好而有成绩的地方，探索它们具有哪些共同性。最后，对理想的IPM所展示的能发挥最佳作用的内容进行了讨论，特别是农民参予的IPM研究和怎样把IPM技术交到农民手中。这是未来IPM在很多地区和在很多作物能成功的要素，特别对农业户更有意义。     

Echinococcosis in Slaughtered Reindeer (Rangifer Tarandus) in the Northern Part of Troms and Western Part of Finnmark Counties,During the Winter 1975/76

Echinococcosis in reindeer in Norway has been known for a long time. Meat inspection of 3712 reindeer in the winter 1975/76 revealed echinococci in 56 lungs (1.5 %). Forty-eight of the lungs were examined at The State Veterinary Laboratory for Northern Norway. Of these, 40 (∞ 83 %) contained well-developed cysts, while 8 (∞17%) contained only collapsed cysts. Five lungs (∞ 10 %) contained both well-developed and collapsed cysts.     

Trajectories of sleepiness and insomnia symptoms in Norwegian nurses with and without night work and rotational work

Numerous cross-sectional studies report high prevalence rates of sleepiness and insomnia in shift workers, but few longitudinal studies exist. We investigated trajectories of sleepiness and insomnia symptoms in a sample of Norwegian nurses across four measurements, spanning a total of four years (sleepiness) and five years (insomnia). The participants completed the Epworth Sleepiness Scale and the Bergen Insomnia Scale at each measurement instance. Latent growth curve models were used to analyse the data. Separate models examined night work (night work, entering and leaving night work) and rotational work (rotational work, entering and leaving rotational work) as predictors for trajectories of sleepiness and insomnia symptoms, respectively. Baseline values of sleepiness and insomnia were higher among rotational shift workers than among workers with fixed shifts (day or night). The results showed that night work throughout the period and entering night work during the period were not associated with different trajectories of sleepiness or insomnia symptoms, compared to not having night work. The same results were found for rotational work and entering rotational work, compared to not having rotational work. Leaving night work and leaving rotational work were associated with a decrease in sleepiness and insomnia symptoms, compared to staying in such work.     

THE FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF IPM

Abstract  This paper is based on a presentation made to the International Conference of Integrated Pest Management (IPM), Guangzhou, June, 1998. It is intended to stimulate thinking, discussion and debate over the principles and strategies of IPM. Different visions on IPM and its future development can be found around the world, and even within countries. In this essay the author began by reviewing those visions of IPM, and then to suggest what common elements they share when IPM has proven to be a success. Finally the author discusses some outstanding challenges in successful IPM, in particular farmer-participatory research in IPM and making IPM technology available to farmers. Farmer-particeipatory IPM will be an essential element of the success of IPM in many regions and crops in the coming decades, and particularly with smallholders.     

Diagnostic Alternatives Used by Veterinary Surgeons for the Recording of Udder Diseases in the Norwegian Health Card System for Cattle

A questionnaire, in which 7 cases of udder disease were described, was distributed to 890 veterinarians in Norway. They were requested to classify the cases according to the diagnostic alternatives listed in the Norwegian Health Card System for Cattle (NHCSC). The NHCSC recordings are used for progeny testing of bulls, for disease monitoring, and for research purposes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of the recordings for udder diseases. The questionnaire was answered by 633 veterinary surgeons. Four cases of clinical mastitis (CM) with abnormal secretion as well as other clinical signs of inflammation were correctly classified as CM by almost 100% of the veterinary surgeons. A cow in the final stage of lactation, showing no clinical signs except for clots in the milk, was considered not to be a clinical case by more than 25% of the veterinary surgeons. A typical case of subclinical mastitis (SM) was reported as SM by 83% of the veterinary surgeons, and as CM by 16%. A subclinical case with a recent history of clots in the secretion was classified as SM by 66% of the veterinary surgeons, but almost 40% either reported CM as their sole diagnosis or considered the case to be CM in combination with SM. Of the clinical cases, those exhibiting marked local signs of inflammation and a systemic reaction were correctly classified as acute clinical mastitis (ACM) by 96%–98% of the veterinary surgeons. In the NHCSC, the diagnostic alternatives for cases of CM are ACM and chronic clinical mastitis (CCM). One case, for which the diagnosis subacute clinical mastitis was appropriate according to standard definitions, was classified as CCM by 66%), and as ACM by 6%. Based on the information given in the questionnaire, the diagnosis for 2 of the clinical cases could have been either ACM or CCM, and for both cases each of these 2 alternatives was reported by more than 43% of the veterinary surgeons. A teat lesion, which was present together with ACM in one cow, was reported by 91% of the veterinary surgeons.     

Clinical mastitis in ewes; bacteriology,epidemiology and clinical features

Background  

Clinical mastitis is an important disease in sheep. The objective of this work was to identify causal bacteria and study certain epidemiological and clinical features of clinical mastitis in ewes kept for meat and wool production.