EB病毒潜伏膜蛋白1通过Survivin介导细胞增殖和抑制细胞凋亡

利用间接免疫荧光、基因转染、抗体剔除 (Ab knock out)、细胞平板集落形成、流式细胞术以及半胱氨酸天冬酰胺酶 (caspase3)活性检测等方法 ,从survivin核移位、Rb磷酸化、细胞周期演进、细胞克隆形成和细胞凋亡等方面 ,探讨EB病毒潜伏膜蛋白 1(LMP1)调控细胞增殖和细胞凋亡双重效应的分子机制 .结果发现 ,LMP1表达介导survivin核移位 ,促进细胞Rb磷酸化增加 ,S期细胞数显著增加 ;LMP1通过survivin促进细胞克隆形成 .用Ab knock out阻断survivin核移位和survivin反义核酸抑制survivin表达时 ,Rb磷酸化水平降低 ,S期细胞减少 ,抑制LMP1介导的细胞增殖 ,活化细胞caspase 3,诱导细胞凋亡 .结果提示 ,EB病毒LMP1通过survivin促进细胞增殖和抑制细胞凋亡     

Effect of temperature on growth of some avirulent fungi and cross-protection against the wheat take-all fungus

The linear growth rates of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. graminis, G. graminis var. tritici, Phialophora radicicola var. graminicola and a lobed hyphopodiate Phialophora sp. were studied on agar at various temperatures between 5 and 30 °C and on wheat roots at two temperature regimes (12 h at 7°/12 h at 13 °C and 12 h at 17°/12 h at 23 °C). On agar at 30 °C, the isolates of G. graminis graminis grew faster than those of G. graminis tritici and Phialophora sp. but three isolates of G. g. graminis grew more slowly than the other two fungi at 5 and 10 °C. Two other isolates of G. g. graminis were cold-tolerant and had growth rates comparable to those of G. g. tritici and Phialophora sp. at 10 °C. The growth rates of Australian isolates of P. radicicola graminicolu were similar to that of a British isolate and were about a third to a half those of the other three fungi at most temperatures. The growth rates of the fungi on wheat roots at the low and high temperature regimes were correlated with the growth rates on agar at 10 and 20 °C respectively. The correlation was better at low temperatures r= 0.81) than at high temperatures (r = 0.62). Cross-protection experiments using two G. g. graminis isolates which grow poorly at temperatures below 15 °C and a cold-tolerant isolate each of G. g. graminis and Phialophora sp. showed that, while all four fungi protected wheat against take-all at high temperatures (17/23 °C) as evidenced by less severe disease and significantly greater dry weights, only the cold-tolerant fungi were effective at low temperatures (7/13 °C). The use of cold-tolerant isolates of avirulent fungi in field experiments may result in better protection in the early stages of wheat growth when Australian soil temperatures are mostly below 15 °C.     

Trends in lizard translocations in New Zealand between 1988 and 2013

There is growing concern about mitigation-driven translocations that move animals from anthropogenic threats at donor sites because of their failure rate and lack of application of scientific principles and best practice. We reviewed all known lizard translocations in New Zealand between 1988 and 2013 and identified 85 translocations of 30 lizard taxa to 46 release sites. Most translocations (62%) were motivated by conservation goals for the species or the release site, and one-third were mitigation-driven translocations, typically motivated by habitat loss due to development. Mitigation-driven translocations began in 2003, and since that time have equalled the number of conservation-motivated translocations. Conservation-motivated translocations usually released lizards on islands without mammalian predators, whereas mitigation-driven translocations usually relocated lizards to mainland sites with introduced predators. Long-term monitoring has been sparse and often rudimentary. Eight lizard translocations have recorded population growth, including one mitigation-driven translocation that was into a fenced reserve. Research on commonly used management techniques to mitigate human-related impacts is recommended to establish whether these techniques benefit lizards in the long term.     

DETECTION OF CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM TYPE E TOXIN BY MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY ENZYME IMMUNOASSAY

Botulinum type E toxin is a well recognized causative agent of seafood botulism poisoning. Underprocessing or postretort recontamination of preserved seafoods has resulted in sporadic cases of botulism. Currently, laboratory mice are being used to detect this toxin. However, it requires three to six days to obtain final results. A rapid method using monoclonal antibody (Mab) enzyme immunoassay was therefore developed. Hybridomas secreting specific Mab against the type E epitope were generated by fusion of SP/20-Ag 14 myeloma cells with spleen cells from BALB/c mice immunized with botulinum type E neurotoxoid. Five potent, stable hybridomas were selected, cloned, propagated, and preserved in liquid nitrogen as cell lines. Immunoglobulin subisotyping showed these Mabs belonged to the IgG subclasses. No cross-reaction was observed with culture supernatants of C. botulinum types A, B, and F or with crude toxins extracts of type C and D. Large quantities of Mabs were produced in ascites fluids, harvested, and affinity purified. A Mab-based biotin-avidin amplified double sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay allowed detection of type E toxin in inoculated seafoods at levels equivalent to 1–10 MLDs/ml (5–10 pg/ml).     

Pseudomonas tolaasii in cultivated mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) crops: effects of sodium hypochlorite on the bacterium and on blotch disease severity

Sodium hypochlorite killed Pseudomonas tolaasii in water in 30 s at pH 6.0 when 5 mg/1 free available chlorine (FAC) was used. On glass beads 62.5 mg/1 FAC was necessary to kill the pathogen in 30 s. Peat and limestone mixture ('casing') prevented some cells of the pathogen being killed by chlorine. Casing treated with 50 and 100 mg/1 FAC still contained some Ps. tolaasii cells which were later able to multiply. Although some viable cells of the pathogen survived the use of 150 mg/1 FAC these were apparently unable to multiply. Mushroom tissue is more 'disinfectant-wasting' than casing, the pathogen on it surviving 250 mg/1 FAC for 10 min. In controlled environmental experiments, use of 150 mg/1 FAC at mushroom 'pinning' (2.5 mm diameter primordia) gave as much control of blotch disease as was obtainable if chlorination began after casing. Delay in starting chlorination until the mushrooms were 10 to 15 mm in diameter resulted in blotch disease incidence and severity as severe as in unchlorinated controls. Disease incidence was not reduced when 50, 100 and 150 mg/1 FAC was used, but disease severity was significantly reduced when 150 mg/1 was used. Adjusting the pH of the water did not affect these results. On commercial farms, routine watering with 150 mg/1 FAC starting at pinning, checked frequently by the sodium arsenite titrimetric method, for 3 years, reduced the percentage of mushrooms discarded because of very severe Ps. tolaasii blotch from 5.2% to 0.6% on one farm and from 7.4% to 0.5% on another, but did not eliminate the disease completely.     

出声阅读中语音通达的双通路模型

双通路模型理论认为语音的通达存在两条通路,即词典通路和非词典通路。该理论不仅可以解释大量正常人的阅读现象,比如频率效应、规则性效应等,而且得到了许多来自失语症病人资料的支持,比如表层失语、语音性失语等。双通路模型成功地实现了计算化,目前研究者们已经开始从脑加工机制方面对双通路模型进行检验。该文系统论述了双通路模型理论的发展过程及目前发展状况和趋势。     

红树林群落优势种群自疏过程的生长动态

在深圳福田红树林保护区设置永久样地,经1994、1996、1998和2002年4次调查表明:群落中个体的断枝、死亡现象很明显,样地总面积200 m2中出现的总个体数分别为417、341、196和132个,种群平均密度依次为2.08、1.70、0.98和0.66个/m2;间隔期的死亡率依次为18.2%、42.5%和32.6%.种群个体存在明显的增粗生长,在每2年间隔期,优势种群桐花树(Aegiceras corniculatum(L.)Blanco)、秋茄(Kandelia candel(L.)Druce)和白骨壤(Avicennia marina(Forsk.)Vierh.)的胸径增加最大值分别达3.63 cm、2.45 cm、4.52 cm,且以白骨壤加粗较大.增高生长也很明显,第二次调查时341个个体中,233个出现增高生长,第三次调查时,196个个体中127个出现增高生长;2年间隔期,以桐花树增高生长最普遍,达1.5 m,秋茄增高生长最大的达1.9 m,白骨壤达1.8 m.生物量亦呈明显的相关变化,在逐次间隔调查中,地上部分总生物量依次降低,或稍增加后再次降低,但存活种群个体的平均生物量大多依次增加,4次调查期间单位面积的总生物量分别为7.57 kg/m2、8.36 kg/m2、5.15 kg/m2和7.71 kg/m2,与谭凤仪等(1995b)早期通过标准木等方式的计算结果相似.研究结果证实红树林群落的自疏过程是一种重要的演变过程,以植株、分枝干枯频繁发生为特征;演替过程中,新苗出现很少,而高度(长度)生长、增粗生长、干枯发生等与群落中种群的组成、结构、密度状况等直接相关.     

Electrophysiological and biochemical responses of mouse vomeronasal receptor cells to urine-derived compounds: possible mechanism of action

Receptor cells of the vomeronasal organ (VNO) are thought to detect pheromone-like molecules important for reproductive physiology. Several compounds derived from male mouse urine have been demonstrated to affect endocrine events in female mice. In the present study, the ability of these compounds to affect VNO activity was tested. In dissociated VNO cells held under voltage clamp conditions, application of dehydro-exo-brevicomin (DHB) evoked an outward current at negative holding potentials and an inward current at positive holding potentials. Under current clamp, DHB reduced action potential firing. Since DHB application caused a decrease in membrane conductance, this compound appeared to act by reducing inward current through closing an ion channel. Biochemical experiments tested the effects of DHB and 2- (sec-butyl)-4,5-dihydrothiazole (SBT) on cAMP levels in the VNO. A mixture of DHB and SBT decreased cAMP levels in VNO sensory tissue and had no effect on VNO non-sensory tissue. The results suggest that pheromones have an inhibitory influence on action potential generation and on cAMP levels in receptor cells of the VNO.