Temporal dynamics of soil bacterial network regulate soil resistomes

Soil bacteria are diverse and form complicated ecological networks through various microbial interactions, which play important roles in soil multi-functionality. However, the seasonal effects on the bacterial network, especially the relationship between bacterial network topological features and soil resistomes remains underexplored, which impedes our ability to unveil the mechanisms of the temporal-dynamics of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Here, a field investigation was conducted across four seasons at the watershed scale. We observed significant seasonal variation in bacterial networks, with lower complexity and stability in autumn, and a wider bacterial community niche in summer. Similar to bacterial communities, the co-occurrence networks among ARGs also shift with seasonal change, particularly with respect to the topological features of the node degree, which on average was higher in summer than in the other seasons. Furthermore, the nodes with higher betweenness, stress, degree, and closeness centrality in the bacterial network showed strong relationships with the 10 major classes of ARGs. These findings highlighted the changes in the topological properties of bacterial networks that could further alter antibiotic resistance in soil. Together, our results reveal the temporal dynamics of bacterial ecological networks at the watershed scale, and provide new insights into antibiotic resistance management under environmental changes.     

青藏高原东缘的锈菌资料IV.悬钩子上一个类似柄锈菌的新锈菌

本文报告采自四川西部九寨沟自然保护区菰帽悬钩子(Rubus pileatus Focke)上的一个锈菌新种。标本上仅见冬孢子堆,冬孢子双胞,类似柄锈菌的冬孢子。由于未见性子器,属的地位尚难确定。然而,此菌的冬孢子堆外观酷似悬钩子植物上特有的单种属阿氏锈菌属(Arthuriomyces)。镜下观察测得孢子大小为40-55(-65) × 22-28 μm,孢壁厚度为3-4.5 μm,有细皱纹,每个细胞各具一芽孔。从芽孔数及位置看符合阿氏锈菌属的特征,因而将此菌暂隶于此属,命名为悬钩子生阿氏锈菌(Arthuriomyces rubicola sp. nov.)     

盘鮈属鱼类的分类研究及两新种记述(鲤形目:鲤科)

盘鮈属是我国鲤科鱼类的一个特有属,过去已记录7种,因早期发表的云南盘鮈原始描述简略,国内又无人察看过模式标本,造成一些种名归属混乱。本工作在核对多数种的模式标木或地模标本的基础上,对盘鮈属鱼类的分类性状重新估价,认为多鳞盘鮈 D.polylepis Huang不能成立,为长鳔盘鮈 D.macrophysallidos Huang的同物异名,予以归并,经整理本属鱼类可分为8个种,其中具2个新种,文中给出了分种检索表,还就过去分类中存在的其他问题进行了讨论。     

长江中下游江豚种群现状评价

作者根据近年在长江中下游对江豚进行考察的资料和收集到的标本,系统分析评价了长江中下游江豚的种群现状,主要结果如下:1.长江江豚上至宜昌(距河口1669公里),下至长江口,以及洞庭湖、鄱阳湖均有分布。分布型式是沿长江纵向呈集群性分布,横向呈趋岸性分布;2.长江中下游江豚种群数量估计为2700头。其数量冬季最高,夏季最低。夏季的SPUE值仅为冬季的48.7％—58.6％;3.长江中下游江豚群体以1—5头最为常见,占88％;4.理论推算长江中下游每年新产生个体为539头,年出生率为20％;5.通过分析比较长江中下游和中国沿海以及日本Inland Sea江豚种群数量变动趋势,推测长江中下游江豚很可能进行“江—海”、“海—江”长距离大规模的迁移,这种迁移与生殖有关。     

酶法生产L-高苯丙氨酸的研究进展

L-高苯丙氨酸(L-homophenylalanine,L-HPA)作为一种重要的非天然氨基酸,是合成治疗高血压的普利类药物等的关键中间体,具有广阔的市场前景。目前L-高苯丙氨酸的合成主要依赖于化学法,但化学合成L-高苯丙氨酸具有原料昂贵、步骤繁琐和污染严重等缺点,限制了广泛应用。因此,国内外研究者对L-高苯丙氨酸的酶法生产进行了深入的研究。本文就目前酶法合成L-高苯丙氨酸的工艺,包括脱氢酶法、转氨酶法、海因酶法和脱羧酶法的研究进展进行了综述,为酶法合成L-高苯丙氨酸提供一定的借鉴,为最终实现L-高苯丙氨酸的酶法工业化生产奠定基础。     

RagA和Nprl2在果蝇肠道发育中的调节作用关系

动物胃肠道是食物消化和营养吸收器官,对机体健康至关重要。果蝇与哺乳动物的肠道在细胞组成、遗传调控等方面高度相似,是研究肠道发育的良好模型。体外培养细胞中的研究发现,Nprl2通过作用于Rag GTPase,抑制雷帕霉素靶点复合物1(target of rapamycin complex 1,TORC1)的活性,参与细胞代谢的调节。前期报道nprl2突变果蝇具有前胃增大、消化能力降低等肠道衰老相关表型。但对于Nprl2是否通过Rag GTPase调控肠道发育等方面尚不清楚。为了探究Rag GTPase在Nprl2调控果蝇肠道发育中的作用,本研究利用遗传杂交结合免疫荧光等方法对RagA敲减和nprl2突变果蝇的肠道形态、肠道细胞组成等方面进行研究。发现单独敲减RagA可以引起肠变粗、前胃增大等表型,敲减RagA能挽救nprl2突变体中肠道变细、分泌型细胞减少的表型,但并不能挽救nprl2突变体中前胃增大的表型。以上结果表明,RagA在肠道发育中发挥重要作用,Nprl2通过作用于Rag GTPase调节肠道细胞分化和肠道形态,但Nprl2对前胃发育和肠道的消化功能的调节可能通过不依赖于Rag GTPase的机制实现。     

利用酵母菌生产有机酸的研究进展

有机酸是含有一种或多种低分子量酸性基团(如羧基、磺酸基)的可生物合成的有机化合物,广泛应用于食品、农业、医药、生物基材料工业等领域。酵母菌具有生物安全、抗逆性强、底物谱广泛、方便遗传改造,以及大规模培养技术成熟等独特优点,因此利用酵母菌生产有机酸的研究日益受到国内外学者的关注。目前利用酵母生产有机酸还存在浓度低、副产物多,以及发酵效率低等缺陷。随着酵母菌代谢工程和合成生物学技术的发展,利用酵母菌生产有机酸取得了快速进展。本文总结了利用酵母合成11种有机酸的研究,包括内源和异源合成的大宗羧酸和高价值有机酸,并对该领域的未来研究方向进行了展望。     

Subcellular Distribution and Chemical Forms of Cadmium in the Medicine Food Homology Plant <i>Platycodon grandiflorum</i> (Jacq.) A.DC.

Although Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq.) A.DC. is a renowned medicine food homology plant, reports of excessive cadmium (Cd) levels are common, which affects its safety for clinical use and food consumption. To enable its Cd levels to be regulated or reduced, it is necessary to first elucidate the mechanism of Cd uptake and accumulation in the plant, in addition to its detoxification mechanisms. This present study used inductively couple plasma-mass-spectrometry to analyze the subcellular distribution and chemical forms of Cd in different tissues of P. grandiflorum. The experimental results showed that Cd was mainly accumulated in the roots [predominantly in the cell wall (50.96%–61.42%)], and it was found primarily in hypomobile and hypotoxic forms. The proportion of Cd in the soluble fraction increased after Cd exposure, and the proportion of insoluble phosphate Cd and oxalate Cd increased in roots and leaves, with a higher increase in oxalate Cd. Therefore, it is likely that root retention mechanisms, cell wall deposition, vacuole sequestration, and the formation of low mobility and low toxicity forms are tolerance strategies for Cd detoxification used by P. grandiflorum. The results of this study provide a theoretical grounding for the study of Cd accumulation and detoxification mechanisms in P. grandiflorum, and they can be used as a reference for developing Cd limits and standards for other medicine food homology plants.     

废用条件下大鼠和达乌尔黄鼠骨骼肌氧化应激和抗氧化防御能力与肌萎缩的比较研究

有鳞类(蛇和蜥蜴)具有较发达的嗅器和犁鼻器,对其不同种类嗅觉结构的认识有助于阐明爬行动物化学感觉的进化。本文采用组织学方法比较了草原沙蜥(Phrynocephalus frontalis)、荒漠沙蜥(P. przewalskii)、密点麻蜥(Eremias multiocellata)和秦岭滑蜥(Scincella tsinlingensis)的嗅器及犁鼻器。结果发现,草原沙蜥的鼻腔较为狭长,秦岭滑蜥呈梨形,其他两种蜥蜴的鼻腔略成圆形。秦岭滑蜥的嗅上皮最厚,其次是密点麻蜥和草原沙蜥,荒漠沙蜥最薄。犁鼻器主要由犁鼻腔、犁鼻感觉上皮、犁鼻神经及蘑菇体等组成,没有腺体。草原沙蜥和荒漠沙蜥的犁鼻腔较为宽阔,密点麻蜥和秦岭滑蜥的较窄。4种蜥蜴的犁鼻感觉上皮均较嗅上皮厚,蘑菇体向后逐渐缩小至消失,犁鼻感觉上皮成闭环状,包围犁鼻腔。密点麻蜥和秦岭滑蜥的犁鼻感觉上皮位于犁鼻器的背侧,蘑菇体位于腹侧;与此不同,两种沙蜥的犁鼻感觉上皮偏向于犁鼻器的腹内侧,蘑菇体位于背外侧。密点麻蜥的犁鼻感觉上皮最厚,其次为秦岭滑蜥,两种沙蜥最薄;秦岭滑蜥犁鼻感觉上皮的感觉细胞密度最高,其次是密点麻蜥,两种沙蜥最低。这些结果提示,密点麻蜥和秦岭滑蜥对嗅觉信号的依赖和投入较两种沙蜥多;4种蜥蜴犁鼻器的结构差异间接地佐证了有鳞类犁鼻器系统发生的特异性。