Influence of root density on the critical soil water potential

Estimation of root water uptake in crops is important for making many other agricultural predictions. This estimation often involves two assumptions: (1) that a critical soil water potential exists which is constant for a given combination of soil and crop and which does not depend on root length density, and (2) that the local root water uptake at given soil water potential is proportional to root length density. Recent results of both mathematical modeling and computer tomography show that these assumptions may not be valid when the soil water potential is averaged over a volume of soil containing roots. We tested these assumptions for plants with distinctly different root systems. Root water uptake rates and the critical soil water potential values were determined in several adjacent soil layers for horse bean (Vicia faba) and oat (Avena sativa) grown in lysimeters, and for field-grown cotton (Gossypium L.), maize (Zea mays) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) crops. Root water uptake was calculated from the water balance of each layer in lysimeters. Water uptake rate was proportional to root length density at high soil water potentials, for both horse bean and oat plants, but root water uptake did not depend on root density for horse bean at potentials lower than −25 kPa. We observed a linear dependency of a critical soil water potential on the logarithm of root length density for all plants studied. Soil texture modified the critical water potential values, but not the linearity of the relationship. B E Clothier Section editor     

青藏高原隆升的气候环境效应与脊椎动物演化模式*

在青藏高原逐渐形成的过程中, 本地区的现代生物多样性塑造受到其巨大的影响, 与此同时, 许多起源于高原的物种甚至现代广布类群祖先的洲际扩散也由其驱动。在中生代时期, 青藏高原今天所处的地区覆盖着广阔的海洋, 喜马拉雅山脉的三叠纪海相沉积中产有鱼龙和旋齿鲨等脊椎动物化石。至侏罗—白垩纪, 西藏东南部的部分地区逐渐脱离海洋环境, 在昌都盆地形成了与当时四川盆地相似的淡水湖泊, 恐龙等爬行动物则在湖边活动。新生代早期印度板块与欧亚板块的碰撞使青藏高原逐渐隆起, 一些热带、亚热带鱼类的发现, 表明当时青藏地区内部与东南亚的热带地区之间可能有水系连通。随着这一地区地势隆起幅度显著升高, 环境变干、变凉, 致使喜暖鱼类终于在此绝迹, 并转换为青藏高原特有的裂腹鱼类。青藏高原的快速上升导致季风气候加强, 中亚内陆地区的气候持续走向干旱, 中国西部的中新世动物群主要由耐旱的草原型哺乳动物组成, 还有耐旱的鸟类和爬行动物共生。青藏高原在上新世最终达到现代的高度, 其气候环境已具有冰冻圈的特点, 成为冰期动物群最初的演化中心。2.6 Ma全球气温第一次下降到低于今天的水平, 已经适应了冰冻环境的动物迅速扩散到青藏高原周边以及更遥远的地区, 成为现代动物多样性的基础。青藏高原在地质历史时期经历了复杂而大规模的环境变化, 这一系列的地质运动和地貌演化引发并形成了青藏高原及周边地区气候格局, 促进了本地区生物多样性的发展。     

染色质免疫沉淀技术在研究DNA与蛋白质相互作用中的应用

在后基因组时代,DNA-蛋白质的相互作用是研究基因表达调控的一个重要领域。与其他方法相比,染色质免疫沉淀技术（chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, ChIP）是一种在体内研究DNA-蛋白质相互作用的理想的方法。近年来这种方法与DNA芯片和分子克隆技术相结合,可用于高通量的筛选已知蛋白因子的未知DNA靶点和研究反式作用因子在整个基因组上的分布情况,这将有助于深入理解DNA-蛋白质相互作用的调控网络。总结了染色质免疫沉淀技术的方法,特别介绍了使用这些方法取得的最新进展。     

植物肉桂酰辅酶A还原酶基因克隆研究进展

木质素单体合成的过程中涉及了许多酶的参与,而肉桂酰辅酶A还原酶(cinnamoyl-CoA reductase,CCR)是该过程中的一个关键酶。综述了CCR基因在植物体内的克隆、基因功能及在植物组织中的表达情况,并介绍了该基因在植物的抗病虫害和抗逆性研究、饲草和能源上的应用潜力,为进一步研究CCR基因生物学功能和利用奠定了基础。     

24份甜樱桃材料自交不亲和S基因型鉴定

甜樱桃品种绝大部分自交不亲和,限制了甜樱桃的正确评价和合理利用,因此自交不亲和基因型的鉴定对于生产具有重要意义。以24个甜樱桃主栽品种为材料,用5对蔷薇科李属引物组合对24个甜樱桃品种进行了S等位基因的PCR扩增,克隆S基因的扩增片段,用核酸序列在Gen Bank上搜索,确定了5种S基因的核酸序列和大小。结果表明:Pru C2+Pru C4R引物组合扩增效果最好;在琼脂糖凝胶上位置相同的扩增带其核酸序列相同,是同一种S基因;5种S基因扩增片段的大小分别是S1为800 bp,S3为762 bp,S4为962bp,S5为300 bp,S6为456 bp,S9为650 bp;24个甜樱桃S基因型是红手球、早红宝石为S1S3,拉宾斯S1S4',红宝石S1S6,布鲁克斯S1S9,那翁S3S4,秦林、泰安大紫、先锋、早大果、丽珠、美早、5-106、左滕锦、桑提娜为S3S6,黑珍珠、红灯、萨米脱、秦樱为S3S9,胜利为S5S9,明珠、红蜜、雷尼、滨库为S6S9。     

多发性硬化与病毒感染研究进展

多发性硬化发病机制复杂,病毒感染在其发病中可能起着举足轻重的作用,目前多项研究支持他们之间的关联性;分子模拟、免疫调节网络的失调、表位扩展、旁路激活、超抗原激活和直接细胞损伤等是病毒感染导致多发性硬化发病的主要机理。本文就相关研究进行综述。     

A registry for exposure and population health in the Altai region affected by fallout from the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site

A registry of the rural population in the Altai region exposed to fallout from nuclear tests at the Semipalatinsk test site (STS) was established more than four decades after the first Soviet nuclear explosion on August 29, 1949. Information about individuals living in an exposed and a control area was collected using all available local sources, such as kolkhoz documentation, school registries, medical treatment records and interviews with residents. As a result, a database comprising an exposed group of 39 179 individuals from 53 Altai region villages, 6769 external and 3303 internal controls was compiled. For several settlements, effective dose estimates reached the level of 1.5 Sv, while the average effective dose estimate in the exposed group was 340 mSv. Dosimetric data, vital status information and health records gathered at rayon and village medical facilities are held in the registry. Cause-of-death information for deceased residents is obtained from death registration forms archived at the Altai region vital statistics office. At present, a follow-up of approximately 40% of the population exposed in 1949 has been done. More will be added by searching for migrants to the larger towns of the Altai region, i.e. Barnaul, Rubtsovsk and Biisk. In order to assess the influence of radiation exposure, analytical studies with a case-control design for stomach and lung cancer are currently being prepared. The number of known cases is sufficient to detect an odds ratio of 1.5 at the 95% confidence level. Epidemiological studies in populations affected by fallout from STS may be equally important to the atomic bomb survivors’ study for the direct quantification of radiation effects. The range of exposure rates experienced will extend the acute high-dose-rate findings from Hiroshima/Nagasaki towards acute and protracted lower exposures, which are more relevant for radiation protection issues. Received: 3 March 1999 / Accepted in revised form: 8 June 1999     

大鼠胫骨近端骨骺损伤后骨桥形成分子机制的研究

利用胫骨近端干骺端骨骺损伤的大鼠动物模型,研究骨桥形成的分子病理机制.通过Alcian blue染色观察损伤模型的建立、损伤愈合过程以及骨桥形成情况.采用Tunel试剂盒原位细胞凋亡检测,了解损伤区及周围细胞凋亡情况.利用免疫组织化学及原位杂交实验,观察损伤区周围软骨细胞改变,检测损伤区是否有软骨细胞生成,检测刀Ihh以及Ptch1表达阳性细胞.发现骨骺损伤骨桥形成过程中,完全损伤区中心没有软骨细胞特异的因子Col2al和ColX以及删Ihh和Ptch1的表达,但是完全损伤区和周围正常软骨交界间存在次损伤软骨区,存在软骨细胞凋亡,有Col X的表达,vimentin检测发现,在此区和周围正常软骨间有正常肥大区软骨细胞异常分化而来的成纤维样细胞并形成软骨外膜样结构,次损伤区和软骨外膜结构逐渐被骨桥替代,在此过程中软骨外膜样结构存在Collal、Ptch1和Ihh的表达,提示Ihh可能参与骨桥形成过程.提出骨桥形成过程中损伤中心区域存在膜内化骨,边缘区域存在软骨化骨作用机制.     

普洱熟茶后发酵优势菌臭曲霉的生物学特性

为了开发普洱熟茶生产的规范技术,本文对普洱茶后发酵优势芮之一的臭曲霉的生物学特性进行了研究.结果表明,该菌株对酸碱度有广幅的适应性;在以硫酸铵或豆饼粉为氮源,玉米粉或果糖为碳源的培养基中生长迅速;培养温度以30℃最为适宜.同时,对菌落的牛长规律及形态特征进行了观察与分析.研究结果为该菌株的大量培养,以及普洱茶的规范化生产技术提供了基础.     

细胞生物活性肽-蛋氨酸脑啡肽对小鼠CD4~+T细胞mRNA的影响

从基因水平探讨蛋氨酸脑啡肽对小鼠CD4'T细胞mRNA转录的影响。6～8周龄BALB/c雌性小鼠体内、外不同浓度MEK刺激。采用RT-PCR技术检测mRNA,所得不同浓度MEK刺激的CD4+T细胞mRNA和β-actin条带密度比值作为相对表达强度,所得数据采用SPSS11.5软件进行统计分析。4mg/mLMEK体内刺激及10-9～10-12mol/mL的MEK体外刺激促进小鼠CD4'T细胞mRNA转录;10-1～10-8mol/mL的MEK抑制小鼠CD4+T细胞mRNA的转录。10-13～10-14mol/mL的MEK对小鼠CD4'T细胞mRNA的转录无明显变化。适量浓度的MEK体内、外刺激能促进小鼠CD4+T细胞mRNA转录的高效表达。