野猪研究进展

野猪为重要的资源兽类之一.从20世纪80年代开始,国内外学者对野猪开展了一系列的研究,包括其生境选择、活动规律、食物结构、种群特性、分子遗传学和防护与危害等方面.尤其是对野猪的卧息地和觅食地生境选择、遗传变异、起源进化等方面进行了深入的探讨.本文根据国内外学者对野猪的研究现状,主要对野猪的上述研究内容进行了综述,以期为后续研究提供参考.     

高速逆流色谱法同时分离制备头花蓼中没食子酸和原儿茶酸

对蓼科蓼属头状蓼组植物头花蓼进行化学成分的研究。本研究建立了HPLC测定中药头花蓼水提喷雾干燥粉末中化学成分含量的方法,然后应用高速逆流色谱法对头花蓼水提喷雾干燥粉末的乙酸乙酯粗提物的化学成分进行了半制备性分离研究,通过对分离方法和溶剂系统的筛选,寻找到最佳的溶剂系统(正己烷∶乙酸乙酯∶甲醇∶水=1∶5∶1∶5),上相为固定相,转速840 r/min,流速2.0 mL/min,进样量756 mg,检测波长272 nm。结果显示,在该条件下经一步分离可同时得到质量为148.5 mg和9.2 mg的两种产物,纯度为99.8%和97.4%,经紫外、红外、质谱及核磁共振等方法进行结构分析,确定分别为没食子酸和原儿茶酸。     

国家自然科学基金资助的生物入侵基础研究概况

基于1999~2010年国家自然科学基金资助项目,分析了我国生物入侵基础研究概况。在这期间,生物入侵领域得到资助的项目数和经费均呈现快速上升的趋势,资助的项目从1999年的3个增加到2010年的69个,资助的经费从1999年的94万元增加到2010年的1838万元。得到资助的项目数在不同学科的分布不均匀,其中,植物保护学科得到资助的项目数为123个,生态学科得到资助的项目数为82个,这2个学科得到资助的项目数占总项目数的67.9%,得到资助的经费占总经费的66.3%。资助项目的主要研究内容涉及22种入侵植物病原微生物、26种入侵动物和24种入侵植物,从中可以透视本领域的研究重点。资助的项目主要集中在华北、华东和华南地区的国家级科研机构和高等院校,这种区域分布格局与我国入侵生物的地理分布格局相吻合。为了进一步推动国家自然科学基金对生物入侵领域各项工作的资助,本文提出了一些合理化的建议。     

Genome sequencing and comparison of two nonhuman primate animal models, the cynomolgus and Chinese rhesus macaques

The nonhuman primates most commonly used in medical research are from the genus Macaca. To better understand the genetic differences between these animal models, we present high-quality draft genome sequences from two macaque species, the cynomolgus/crab-eating macaque and the Chinese rhesus macaque. Comparison with the previously sequenced Indian rhesus macaque reveals that all three macaques maintain abundant genetic heterogeneity, including millions of single-nucleotide substitutions and many insertions, deletions and gross chromosomal rearrangements. By assessing genetic regions with reduced variability, we identify genes in each macaque species that may have experienced positive selection. Genetic divergence patterns suggest that the cynomolgus macaque genome has been shaped by introgression after hybridization with the Chinese rhesus macaque. Macaque genes display a high degree of sequence similarity with human disease gene orthologs and drug targets. However, we identify several putatively dysfunctional genetic differences between the three macaque species, which may explain functional differences between them previously observed in clinical studies.     

Community structure and composition in response to climate change in a temperate steppe

Climate change would have profound influences on community structure and composition, and subsequently has impacts on ecosystem functioning and feedback to climate change. A field experiment with increased temperature and precipitation was conducted to examine effects of experimental warming, increased precipitation and their interactions on community structure and composition in a temperate steppe in northern China since April 2005. Increased precipitation significantly stimulated species richness and coverage of plant community. In contrast, experimental warming markedly reduced species richness of grasses and community coverage. Species richness was positively dependent upon soil moisture (SM) across all treatments and years. Redundancy analysis (RDA) illustrated that SM dominated the response of community composition to climate change at the individual level, suggesting indirect effects of climate change on plant community composition via altering water availability. In addition, species interaction also mediated the responses of functional group coverage to increased precipitation and temperature. Our observations revealed that both abiotic (soil water availability) and biotic (interspecific interactions) factors play important roles in regulating plant community structure and composition in response to climate change in the semiarid steppe. Therefore these factors should be incorporated in model predicting terrestrial vegetation dynamics under climate change.     

NaCl胁迫对甘草生长及抗氧化酶活性的影响

目的：通过分析不同浓度NaCl胁迫下甘草生长和抗氧化酶活性的变化探讨甘草对盐分胁迫的适应性机理;方法：采用不同浓度的NaCl溶液（配成Hoagland液）处理盆栽一年生甘草,分别于35d、70d和105d取样,测定甘草株高、地上部分鲜、干重、根鲜、干重及甘草叶片SOD、POD、CAT活性,分析各生长指标与抗氧化酶活性的相关性;结果：NaCl胁迫70d和105d,0．6％和0．9％处理组的株高、地上部分鲜、干重及根鲜、干重均显著低于CK,SOD、POD及CAT活性均显著高于CK,经相关性分析得知,SOD、POD及CAT活性与各生长指标均负相关,其中POD活性与各生长指标极显著负相关;结论：甘草对NaCl胁迫的响应有胁迫时间和浓度的依赖性,在遭遇胁迫时,通过改变自身的生长和提高抗氧化酶活性,来提高机体的抗盐能力。     

酪氨酸羟化酶与视网膜疾病

酪氨酸羟化酶（tyrosine hydroxylase,TH）是儿茶酚胺（catech01amines,CAs）合成过程中的限速酶,提高或抑制该酶的活性可大幅度影响CAs的合成。近年来对于TH的关注越来越多,大量的研究表明,TH含量及活性的异常改变能通过影响CAs的含量而导致相应生理功能的异常,从而导致疾病。本文将TH的结构功能、分布、表达变化及其与视网膜疾病关系做一综述。     

普通裂褶菌真菌学及实验室研究进展

普通裂褶菌是一种条件致病菌,可侵犯人体多个器官多种组织,导致各种表现形式的疾病,如脑脓肿、脑膜炎、鼻窦炎、肺部真菌球、蜂窝肺、肺结节、甲真菌病等.由于普通裂褶菌感染引起的真菌病病例少见报道,临床医生对其认识不足,再加上某些实验室不具备鉴定条件,所以感染该菌的病例常被漏诊、误诊.现将近年来临床分离的普通裂褶菌株真菌学及实...     

伊曲康唑联合特比萘芬治疗孢子丝菌病疗效及其对病原真菌体外抗菌活性研究

目的 初步探讨伊曲康唑和特比萘芬联合治疗孢子丝菌病的疗效,评价两药体外联合对申克孢子丝菌菌丝相和酵母相的抗菌活性.方法 口服伊曲康唑200mg/d和特比萘芬250mg/d治疗孢子丝菌病;体外联合药敏试验采用棋盘微量稀释法,计算分数抑菌浓度(FIC)指数判定两药相互作用具有协同、拮抗或无关作用.结果 伊曲康唑和特比萘芬联...     

田间栽培喜树不同品系枝叶喜树碱产量动态分析

采用高效液相色谱法和生物量法,以四川种源的普通喜树为对照,对生长季内喜树新品系海喜1号不同冠层枝叶喜树碱产量进行了测定。结果表明：由于海喜1号枝叶喜树碱含量、生物量均高于普通喜树,其产量更加显著地高于普通喜树;虽然海喜1号幼嫩的上层枝叶喜树碱含量高于中层和下层,但由于生物量偏低,产量明显低于中下层枝叶;虽然基于喜树碱含量较高（即优质为目标时）,采收期应确定为6月份,但为了达到持续产量,在6月份可采收上层枝叶,7~10月以适度透光为方法连续采收中下部枝叶,11月份,即生长季末采收冠层下部全部1/3枝叶。