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101.
102.
103.
M D Lee G E Quinton R E Beeman A A Biehle R L Liddle D E Ellis RJ Buchanan Jr 《Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology》1997,18(2-3):106-115
For the full scale implementation of in situ anaerobic bioremediation of tetrachloroethene (PCE) in groundwater, the following issues must be addressed: which organic
substrates at which concentration would be most effective in promoting dechlorination and are economical; how far the substrate,
electron acceptor, and nutrients can be transported in the aquifer; and the placement of delivery and recovery wells for
distributing these amendments. In a microcosm study, almost all of the tested inexpensive substrates supported reductive
dechlorination of PCE through vinyl chloride (VC) under methanogenic conditions. A minimum of about 60 mg L−1 of organic carbon was needed to dechlorinate 23 μM PCE with a single feeding. In a second microcosm study dechlorination
stopped at 1,2-dichloroethene (DCE) in microcosms fed higher concentrations of several substrates. At the highest concentrations
the substrates inhibited DCE production. Three field tracer tests were conducted to evaluate methods to distribute the amendments
across the aquifer. The natural groundwater gradient is not sufficient to distribute substrate evenly. Groundwater injection
at 60 times the natural flux rate increased the distribution of substrate. A mixing strategy of cross-gradient injection
further increased the distribution of the substrate. Ammonia-nitrogen, sulfate, and phosphate were retarded relative to
the substrate and inorganic tracer.
Received 30 October 1995/ Accepted in revised form 07 June 1996 相似文献
104.
Vascular transport and soybean nodule function: nodule xylem is a blind alley, not a throughway 总被引:4,自引:2,他引:2
Abstract. The only published consideration of product removal from the soybean root nodule hypothesizes that the peripheral xylem circuit of this determinate nodule structure is flushed by the transpiration stream. However, dyes fed to the transpiration stream through a cut root distal to the nodule do not enter the nodule, and the observed movement of radio-tracers from the root into the nodule can be explained by simple diffusion, Also, there are few xylem elements in the nodule, and these elements are of a small diameter, such that this path can not act as a functional loop of the root system. Further, in this study, nodule vascular strands were never observed to be continuous about the nodule, but were observed to end at the nodule tip in a loop within an intact, closed endodermal sac. Nodule vascular tissue was invested in a pericycle of at least three cell layers. These cells are suggested to be active in the loading of the xylem apoplast with ureides, such that the xylem of the nodule always operates in an export role. Nodule water requirements may be supplied via the phloem or the root cortex apoplasm. 相似文献
105.
J. A. WALSH 《The Annals of applied biology》1989,115(1):89-99
Immunity to a UK isolate (UK 1) of turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) was studied in eight lines of oilseed rape selected from cv Rafal. Six of these lines were uniformly immune and two segregated. Segregation ratios in the F2 generation of reciprocal crosses between two uniformly immune lines and two uniformly susceptible cultivars (Mikado and Yeoman) showed that immunity was controlled by a dominant nuclear allele. The immunity was confirmed by the inability to detect virus particles in mechanically inoculated plants by back inoculations, ELISA and ISEM tests. Plants were immune to repeated inoculations and aphid transmissions. The immunity was effective against one other UK isolate and two German isolates of TuMV. Another UK isolate (UK 3) and a Greek isolate partially overcame the immunity causing local infection and a Canadian and a Danish isolate overcame it completely causing systemic mosaic-type symptoms. When these immunity-breaking strains were tested against swede line 165 which is also immune to UK 1 TuMV, the Canadian isolate overcame the immunity whereas the Danish isolate did not. Using this swede line, one susceptible and one immune line of oilseed rape as differentials, four distinct groups of TuMV isolates could be identified. Selections of oilseed rape immune to UK TuMV isolates were more severely affected by the Canadian TuMV than UK TuMV susceptible selections. The gene determining immunity to TuMV had no pleiotropic effect on susceptibility to cauliflower mosaic virus. The implications on these findings in relation to breeding for virus resistance are discussed. 相似文献
106.
Patterns of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation
were studied in 378 populations of oak trees sampled throughout the
southern half of France. Six cpDNA haplotypes detected in a previous
European survey and three new cpDNA haplotypes were found in this region.
Two mitochondrial polymorphisms detected earlier by restriction analysis of
PCR-amplified fragments alone, or in combination with single-strand
conformation polymorphism (SSCP), were compared with the cpDNA data.
Sequencing revealed the nature of the two mitochondrial mutations: a
single-base substitution and a 4-bp inversion associated with a 22-bp
hairpin secondary structure. The single-base substitution was then analyzed
by allele-specific amplification. Results for the two cytoplasmic genomes
were combined, which allowed the identification of 12 cpDNA-mtDNA
haplotypes. The 4-bp mtDNA inversion has appeared independently in
different cpDNA lineages. Given the peculiar nature of this mtDNA mutation,
we suggest that intramolecular recombination leading to repeated inversions
of the 4-bp sequence (rather than paternal leakage of one of the two
genomes) is responsible for this pattern. Furthermore, the geographic
locations of the unusual cpDNA-mtDNA associations (due to the inversion)
usually do not match the zones of contact between divergent haplotypes. In
addition, in southern France, the groupings of populations based on the
mtDNA substitution were strictly congruent with those based on cpDNA.
Because many populations that are polymorphic for both cpDNA and mtDNA have
remained in contact since postglacial recolonization in this area without
producing any new combination of cytoplasms involving the mitochondrial
substitution, we conclude that paternal leakage is not a significant factor
at this timescale. Such results confirm and expand our earlier conclusions
based on controlled crosses.
相似文献
107.
Cytosolic isocitrate dehydrogenase in humans, mice, and voles and phylogenetic analysis of the enzyme family 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Nekrutenko A; Hillis DM; Patton JC; Bradley RD; Baker RJ 《Molecular biology and evolution》1998,15(12):1674-1684
In this study, we report cDNA sequences of the cytosolic NADP-dependent
isocitrate dehydrogenase for humans, mice, and two species of voles
(Microtus mexicanus and Microtus ochrogaster). Inferred amino acid
sequences from these taxa display a high level of amino acid sequence
conservation, comparable to that of myosin beta heavy chain, and share
known structural features. A Caenorhabditis elegans enzyme that was
previously identified as a protein similar to isocitrate dehydrogenase is
most likely the NADP-dependent cytosolic isocitrate dehydrogenase enzyme
equivalent, based on amino acid similarity to mammalian enzymes and
phylogenetic analysis. We also suggest that NADP-dependent isocitrate
dehydrogenases characterized from alfalfa, soybean, and eucalyptus are most
likely cytosolic enzymes. The phylogenetic tree of various isocitrate
dehydrogenases from eukaryotic sources revealed that independent gene
duplications may have given rise to the cytosolic and mitochondrial forms
of NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase in animals and fungi. There
appears to be no statistical support for a hypothesis that the
mitochondrial and cytosolic forms of the enzyme are orthologous in these
groups. A possible scenario of the evolution of NADP-dependent isocitrate
dehydrogenases is proposed.
相似文献
108.
Molecular phylogenetics of Stenodermatini bat genera: congruence of data from nuclear and mitochondrial DNA 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
Van den Bussche RA; Baker RJ; Wichman HA; Hamilton MJ 《Molecular biology and evolution》1993,10(5):944-959
Within the tribe Stenodermatini the systematics of the complex of species
allied with the genus Artibeus has generated several alternative
phylogenetic hypotheses. The most recent treatment recognized four genera
(Artibeus, Dermanura, Enchisthenes, and Koopmania) and suggested that the
most recent common ancestor of these four genera would include the common
ancestor of all other currently recognized Stenodermatini genera except
Sturnira. To test this hypothesis, we examined an EcoRI-defined nuclear
satellite DNA repeat and 402 bp of DNA sequence variation from the
mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Phylogenetic conclusions based on Southern
blot analyses, in situ hybridization, and mitochondrial DNA sequence data
indicate that Enchisthenes is not closely related to Dermanura, Artibeus,
or Koopmania and that Dermanura, Artibeus, and Koopmania shared a common
ancestor after diverging from the remainder of the Stenodermatini. If our
conclusions are correct, then justification for recognizing Dermanura and
Koopmania as generically distinct from Artibeus must be based on the
magnitude of difference that distinguishes each rather than on the
conclusion that to place them as congeneric with Artibeus creates a
paraphyletic taxon.
相似文献
109.
110.