NMR study of isoleucine transfer RNA from Thermus thermophilus

An NMR and nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) analysis of Thermus thermophilus tRNAIle1a is presented. This species contains modifications including s2T54 and s4U8 [Horie, N., Hara-Yokoyama, M., Yokoyama, S., Watanabe, K., Kuchino, Y., Nishimura, S., & Miyazawa, T. (1985) Biochemistry 24, 5711-5715]. All the expected secondary and reverse Hoogsteen AU pairs were identified, with one possible exception. The general geometry of the T psi C loop is the same as the Escherichia coli species, and there is NOE evidence for an A9-UA12 triple. Preliminary measurements of solvent exchange rates of internally hydrogen-bonded bases suggest that this tRNA is more stable than previously studied E. coli and yeast tRNAs.     

Coordinate regulation of histone mRNAs during growth and differentiation of rat myoblasts

To determine whether histone genes are coordinately regulated, histone mRNA concentrations were measured in exponentially growing L6 myoblasts, S-phase synchronized myoblasts and in differentiating myoblasts. The levels of various histone mRNA subspecies declined rapidly and coordinately once myoblasts were given the signal to differentiate. mRNA levels were reduced on average to 1-5% of the amount observed in exponentially growing cells by 48 h after the signal to differentiate. The reductions occurred in concert with the cessation of DNA synthesis as the cells differentiated. Inhibition of DNA synthesis by treating myoblasts with Ara-C or hydroxyurea resulted in a histone mRNA half-life of 10-13 min for each of the histones examined. One example of non-coordinate regulation was observed however among the H4 mRNA subspecies in S-phase synchronized cells. The levels of two major subspecies of H4 mRNA increased coordinately in S-phase compared to levels observed in cells growing exponentially. A third subspecies of H4 mRNA on the other hand was found to decline by 50%. These studies suggest that the majority of histone mRNA subspecies are under coordinate control, although one exception has been noted among the subspecies of histone H4.     

Management of the Wadden Sea

The Wadden Sea situated along the North Sea coasts of Denmark, the Federal Republic of Germany and The Netherlands represents one of the world's largest bar-built type of estuaries. The area is a typical sedimentation and mineralization basin, with a large influx of organic matter from the adjoining North Sea, consequently a delicate oxygen balance and a rich benthic macrofauna, poor in species, which serves as food for juveniles of some commercially important North Sea fishes and for large numbers of migrating and wintering waders and waterfowl. Past and present activities of the human society in the area include fisheries (mainly for shrimp and mussels, semi-culture), shipping, land reclamation, recreation, dredging for sand and shells, and waste discharge from industries and human communities. Until the present these activities, although sometimes conflicting, did not fundamentally affect the area and its biota (pollution excluded), but future claims, including the construction of large deep-sea harbours, drilling for natural gas and oil, large-scale land reclamation and increased industrialization etc., might gradually induce degradation. For instance, area reduction by continued land reclamation could lead to irreversible losses of specific biotopes (e. g. salt-marshes, mud-flats), which could affect the size of bird and fish populations in a much wider region. Increased pollution, which has already inflicted damage on bird and seal populations, could reduce the fauna and hence the value of the area as a natural sanctuary. In the event of a proposal for a new human activity in the area, the present standing practice in the countries concerned requires an evaluation of its safety and economic aspects and its environmental impact. However, the various plans are considered separately and there is a general need for integrated management of the area.     

Purification of a soluble, sodium-nitroprusside-stimulated guanylate cyclase from bovine lung

A soluble, sodium-nitroprusside-stimulated guanylate cyclase as been purified from bovine lung by DEAE-cellulose chromatography, ammonium sulfate precipitation, chromatography on Blue Sepharose CL-6B and preparative gel electrophoresis. Apparent homogeneity was obtained after at least 7000-fold purification with a yield of 3%. A single stained band (Mr 72000) was observed after gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The purified enzyme migrated as one band also under non-denaturing conditions in acrylamide gels (5-12%). The mobility of this band corresponded to an Mr of 145000. The enzyme sedimented on sucrose gradients with an S20, w of 7.0 S. Gel filtration yielded a Stokes' radius of 4.6 nm. These data suggest that the enzyme has an Mr of approximately 150000 and consists of two, presumably identical, subunits of Mr 72000. Sodium nitroprusside stimulated the purified enzyme 15-fold and 140-fold to specific activities of 8.5 and 15.7 mumol of cGMP formed min-1 mg-1 in the presence of Mn2+ and Mg2+, respectively. Formation of cGMP was proportional to the incubation time and to the amount of enzyme added. The stimulatory effect of sodium nitroprusside was half-maximal at about 2 microM, was observed immediately after addition and could be reversed either by dilution or by removal of sodium nitroprusside on a Sephadex G-25 column. The purified enzyme in the absence of catalase was stimulated by sodium nitroprusside, N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and 3-morpholino-sydnonimine and in the presence of catalase by sodium nitrite and sodium azide. In the presence of Mn2+ and sodium nitroprusside, the purified enzyme catalyzed the formation of cAMP from ATP at a rate of 0.6 mumol min-1 mg-1.     

Antibody-targeted photolysis: in vitro immunological, photophysical, and cytotoxic properties of monoclonal antibody-dextran-Sn(IV) chlorin e6 immunoconjugates.

A set of anti-melanoma immunoconjugates were prepared which contained chlorin e6: antibody molar ratios of 18.9:1, 11.2:1, 6.8:1, and 1.7:1. All immunoconjugates retained antigen binding activity regardless of the chromophore:antibody substitution ratio that was attained. In contrast, the ground-state absorption spectra of the immunoconjugates showed features which appeared to be dependent on the chromophore:antibody molar ratio. In addition, the quantum yield of singlet oxygen generated by the conjugated chromophores was observed to be significantly less than that observed with the unbound dye. Time-resolved absorbance spectroscopy of the chromophore excited triplet state indicated that the loss of singlet oxygen quantum yield resulted from diminished chromophore triplet yield. Analysis of data obtained from in vitro photolysis of target melanoma cells, in combination with that obtained from the immunochemical and photochemical studies, indicates that the observed immunoconjugate phototoxicity can be reasonably quantitatively represented by (1) the ability of the immunoconjugate to bind SK-MEL-2 cell surface antigen, (2) the amount of chromophore localized at the target cells by immunoconjugate binding, (3) the delivered dose of light at 634 nm, and (4) the singlet oxygen quantum yield of the antibody-bound photosensitizer. Though these data argue strongly for photolysis by the cumulative dosage of singlet oxygen at the cell membrane, nonetheless, the concurrent photoinduced release of other cytotoxic agents should not be ruled out.     

Interaction of hydrophobic bis (D-mannose) derivatives with adipocyte and erythrocyte sugar transport systems

The inhibition of sugar uptake by a series of hydrophobic bis(D-mannose) derivatives has been measured in rat adipocytes. When the D-mannose moieties of the bis compounds are separated by a hexane bridge the transport inhibition constant (Ki) is greater than for a decane-bridged molecule. This is probably due to the increased hydrophobicity of the bridge of the decane-bridged compound. The enhancement in affinity due to the second sugar in the bis(D-mannose) derivatives is probably only 2-fold, since half reduction of the bis(D-mannosyloxy)hexane increases Ki approx. 2-3-fold. N'-DNP-1,3-bis(D-mannos-4'-yloxy)propyl-2-amine has very high affinity in insulin-treated cells. The affinity is approx. 1000-fold higher than for D-mannose. This enhancement is probably due to the hydrophobicity of the DNP group. The distance from the sugar to the hydrophobic group is important because an increase in Ki occurs if an aminocaproyl spacer is introduced between the DNP group and 1,3-bis(D-mannos-4'-yloxy)propyl-2-amine. Aminocaproyl and glycyl spacers also increase the Ki for NAP derivatives of 1,3-bis(D-mannos-4'-yloxy)propyl-2-amine. Each of the hydrophobic bis(D-mannose) derivatives has a lower Ki in insulin-treated cells. This may be due to an insulin responsive hydrophobic interaction between the hydrophobic portion of the sugar and a hydrophobic domain in the transport system. The inhibition constants for the hydrophobic bis(D-mannose) compounds have also been measured in human erythrocytes.     

Comparative effects of various classes of mouse interferons on macrophage activation for tumor cell killing

The effects of mouse interferon-alpha (MuIFN-alpha), -beta (MuIFN-beta), and -gamma (MuIFN-gamma) on macrophage activation for tumor cell killing were determined by using proteose peptone-elicited peritoneal macrophages from C3H/HeN and C3H/HeJ mice under conditions that either included or were free of detectable endotoxin. Alone, under the conditions used, none of the interferons was able to activate macrophages directly for tumor cell killing. However, with a second signal provided to responsive macrophages by contaminating endotoxin, added bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or heat-killed Listeria monocytogenes (HKLM), all three types of interferon induced cytolytic activity, with MuIFN-gamma approximately 500 to 1000-fold more active than either MuIFN-alpha or -beta. Thus, all three interferons were able to prime macrophages for killing but required a second signal before cytolytic activity could be expressed. When MuIFN-gamma was mixed with either MuIFN-alpha or -beta and placed on macrophages, little or no killing developed. Mixtures of MuIFN-gamma with either MuIFN-alpha or -beta did increase the sensitivity of macrophages to triggering by LPS, however, compared with macrophages treated with MuIFN-gamma alone. The results are collectively important because they i) confirm that significant quantitative differences exist between the various interferons with regard to their capacity to prime macrophages for tumor cell killing; ii) indicate that to be an efficient activator each type of interferon must be combined with a second stimulus, such as LPS or HKLM; iii) show that neither MuIFN-alpha nor -beta can provide an efficient second triggering signal for macrophages that are primed by MuIFN-gamma; and iv) document that mixtures of MuIFN-gamma with either MuIFN-alpha or -beta are most efficient at inducing priming, compared with any one of the interferons used alone.