Energy and biological evolution—I. The equilibrium states of biochemical processes

The Thom gradient model of morphogenesis poses the followinga posteriori problem: “From the observed morphology of a given natural process (effect) determine the dynamics of the process (cause)”. In this paper we consider the classicala priori problem: “Given the cause (dynamics) determine the effect (resultant morphology)”. We find that in biochemical processes the mechanisms for energy activation, energy-matter interaction and energy dissipation determine the dynamics. Furthermore there exists basic energy mechanisms which drive the equilibrium states through the elementary catastrophes of Thom. A comparison with current theories shows that our models describe open ecological food chains and their dynamical systems generalize the equations of organisation posed by M. Eigen. Work supported by a Research Associateship of the International Centre for Theoretical Physics, P.O.B. 586, Miramare, 34100 Trieste, Italy.     

Purification and characterization of a membrane-bound protein kinase from spinach thylakoids

A protein kinase was isolated from spinach thylakoid membranes by solubilization with octyl glucoside and cholate. The enzyme was purified to apparent homogeneity by ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel filtration, and sucrose density centrifugation, followed by affinity chromatography on either Affi-Gel blue (yielding denatured enzyme) or on histone cross-linked to Sepharose (yielding active enzyme). Electrophoresis on denaturing polyacrylamide gels, followed by staining with silver, revealed the kinase as a single band corresponding to an apparent molecular mass of 64 kDa. The active enzyme underwent autophosphorylation and could be detected by autoradiography following incubation with [gamma-32P]ATP and Mg2+ ion. The specific phosphotransferase activity of purified kinase was approximately 30 nmol of phosphate min-1 (mg protein)-1 with lysine-rich histone (III-S or V-S) as substrate; casein was phosphorylated at approximately 30% of this rate. The physiological substrate for the kinase is presumed to be light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein complex. In solubilized form, this was phosphorylated at approximately 10% of the rate observed with histone III-S as substrate, or 10-100 times slower than the estimated rate of phosphorylation of the light-harvesting complex in situ. Possible reasons for this shortfall are considered. The kinase is proposed as the principal effector of thylakoid protein phosphorylation and associated State transition phenomena.     

The influence of hormones and other substances on lens regeneration in vitro

Culturing the dorsal iris epithelium of a newt with a pituitary gland in organ culture greatly enhances the ability of the iris epithelium to produce advanced lens regenerates in vitro. In an attempt to elucidate the mechanism by which the pituitary enhances lens regeneration irido-corneal complexes from adult newts were cultured in medium to which various substances had been added either singly or in numerous combinations. Prolactin, insulin, hydrocortisone, and thyroxine failed to enhance the production of advanced lens regenerates in any of the doses or combinations tested. Similarly, addition of 50 microgram/ml of sodium or calcium ascorbate had no effect on the progress of lens regeneration in vitro. Addition of dibutyryl cyclic-AMP caused an inhibition of depigmentation and regeneration at high doses. The results of these experiments show that the effects of the pituitary cannot be duplicated by hormones which other authors have asserted to be beneficial to limb or tail regenerates in vitro. The results with cyclic AMP suggest that prolonged exposure to high doses of cyclic AMP inhibit regeneration and indicate that further studies on the fluctations in cyclic AMP levels throughout the process of lens regeneration must be done.     

Structure—activity relationships in the mutagenicity of quinone methides of 7-hydroxyflavylium salts for Salmonella typhimurium

Several synthetic 7-hydroxyflavylium salts related to apigeninidin, a natural 3-deoxyanthocyanidin, have been studied in the Ames mutagenicity test using strain TA1537 of Salmonella typhimurium. Under the neutral pH conditions of the test, these flavylium salts are deprotonated through ionization of the C7-OH (pK_a′ = 4.2–4.4) to form quinone methides. Only the quinone methides of 4-methyl-7-hydroxyflavylium chloride and 4′-methoxy-4-methyl-7-hydroxy-flavylium chloride showed mutagenicity. Responses of 4–8 times the background were observed at the higher doses (1000 μg/plate), both with and without metabolic activation. It was concluded that the induction of frameshift mutagenicity by this group of compounds is caused by those quinone methides that have non-ionic, stable polycyclic structures at neutral pH.     

Mechanism of action of ryanodine on cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum

Ryanodine was found to initially inhibit calcium uptake by cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum. This initial depression was followed by a later marked stimulation of calcium uptake. These effects were noted when calcium uptake was measured in the presence or absence of oxalate. The requirement for preincubation with ryanodine was highly dependent on ryanodine concentration and temperature. The mechanism of action of ryanodine clearly was not an effect on oxalate entry or calcium oxalate precipitation because the effects were also observed in the absence of oxalate. Ryanodine also had no effect on passive calcium efflux from actively loaded vesicles. Because ryanodine had no effect on Ca2+-ATPase activity under defined conditions of an ATP-regenerating system and no calcium gradient, we suggest ryanodine does not change the stoichiometry of the pump. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that ryanodine closes a calcium channel in a subpopulation of the vesicles.     

Absolute configuration and conformation of the pure opioid antagonist (+)-2,9 alpha-dimethyl-5-(m-hydroxyphenyl)morphan.

(+)-2,9 alpha-Dimethyl-5-(m-hydroxyphenyl)morphan is the only phenylmorphan analog whose affinity for opioid kappa-receptors is greater than its affinity for opioid mu-receptors. Pharmacologically, the compound is a pure opioid antagonist devoid of agonist activity in in vivo assays of antinociception. The absolute configuration of the compound has been determined to be (1R,5S,9R) from an X-ray crystallographic study of the chloride salt. Thus, the absolute configuration corresponds to that of the atypical opioid agonist (-)-phenylmorphan while the weak atypical agonist (-)-2,9 alpha-dimethyl-5-(m- hydroxyphenyl)morphan corresponds to the potent morphine-like (+)-phenylmorphan. The preferred orientations of the phenyl ring for the two stereoisomers were determined using the molecular mechanics program MM2-87 and found to vary from that of the two parent compounds. The atypical properties of the two 9 alpha-methyl analogs is consistent with an opioid ligand model which proposes that morphine-like properties require a particular range of phenyl orientations. There was good agreement between the structure obtained from X-ray crystallography and computed with the MM2-87 program.