Sexual behaviour of group-living adolescent chimpanzees

This paper reports a study of the heterosexual behavior of three male and four female captive adolescent chimpanzees living a semi-natural life style in a large field enclosure. Observations made with binoculars from an over-head deck were balanced over the daylight hours and the seven weekdays. We recorded 213 copulations in 741.25 hours of observation between February 14 and July 21, 1972. Analysis of the observations suggests that group-living chimpanzees in a large field enclosure behave more like free-living chimpanzees than like other captive chimpanzees paired in small cages. In this group, copulations were non-randomly distributed throughout the day, a finding in agreement with results on wild-living chimpanzees but not previously reported for captive chimpanzees. In this group, moreover, copulations were highly concentrated within each female's period of maximum tumescence, as are those of free-living chimpanzees; and individual differences in sexual attractiveness among females were apparently based on a maturational threshold of swelling size, a phenomenon that has also been reported for wild chimpanzees.     

What are mycoplasmas: the relationship of tempo and mode in bacterial evolution

In phenotype the mycoplasmas are very different from ordinary bacteria. However, genotypically (i.e., phylogenetically) they are not. On the basis of ribosomal RNA homologies the mycoplasmas belong with the clostridia, and indeed have specific clostridial relatives. Mycoplasmas are, however, unlike almost all other bacteria in the evolutionary characteristics of their ribosomal RNAs. These RNAs contain relatively few of the highly conserved oligonucleotide sequences characteristic of normal eubacterial ribosomal RNAs. This is interpreted to be a reflection of an elevated mutation rate in mycoplasma lines of descent. A general consequence of this would be that the variation associated with a mycoplasma population is augmented both in number and kind, which in turn would lead to an unusual evolutionary course, one unique in all respects. Mycoplasmas, then, are actually tachytelic bacteria. The unusual evolutionary characteristics of their ribosomal RNAs are the imprints of their rapid evolution.     

Preservation of Coombs' serum in liquid nitrogen

Experiments with Coombs-sera as raw and usable sera having different levels of titre were carried out in order to examine their stability in fluid nitrogen. Therewith, significant differences concerning the storing stability did not appear. Generally seen two third of the sera retained their initial titres at the end of one year in store.