A nonradioisotope biomedical assay for intact oligonucleotide and its chain-shortened metabolites used for determination of exposure and elimination half-life of antisense drugs in tissue.

Rigorous extraction methods coupled with capillary gel electrophoresis (CGE) provide a basis for a nonradiolabel assay for quantitation of intact antisense drug and its numerous chain-shortened metabolites. As part of the validation of the CGE method, we compared the quantitation of unlabeled ISIS 3521 (ISI 641A) and its chain-shortened metabolites with total radioactivity of [(35)S]-ISIS 3521. ISIS 3521 was labeled on the fifth nucleotide linkage from the 5'-end with (35)S by well-established methods. Multiple tissues collected from rats after administration of [(35)S]-ISIS 3521 were assayed by both radiolabel (liquid scintillation spectroscopy) and CGE methods. The CGE method provided accurate quantitation of the drug and its metabolites in kidney cortex and liver tissues. The correlation between methods for multiple tissues over time was excellent with 88.5% of the measurements being statistically equivalent. These data suggest that CGE is an accurate means of quantitating oligonucleotide in tissue and that it compares favorably with traditional radiochemical techniques. Clearance half-lives for total measurable oligonucleotides were equivalent to clearance of total radioactivity in both liver and kidney with the longest clearance half-life associated with the kidney.     

Rapid, simple and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic method for detection and determination of acyclovir in human plasma and its use in bioavailability studies

A rapid, simple and sensitive reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method has been developed for the measurement of acyclovir concentrations in human plasma and its use in bioavailability studies is evaluated. Unchanged acyclovir has been quantified without the introduction of an internal standard using the present method. Human plasma proteins were selectively precipitated by the addition of 7% perchloric acid to spiked plasma samples or to the plasma samples obtained after acyclovir administration to human volunteers and the mixture was spun at 1000 g for 10 min. The supernatant was directly injected into a Novaflex C₁₈ column and detected at 254 nm. The mobile phase consisted of octane sulfonic acid buffer (pH 2.5) and methanol (92:08). The limit of quantitation for acyclovir in plasma was 20 ng/ml, which enabled the determination of the area under the curve (AUC) more precisely, that is, it is much closer to its extrapolated value. The present method has been successfully applied to samples from bioavailability studies.     

Bloodmeal analysis in Culicoides midges collected near horses,donkeys and zebras in the Eastern Cape,South Africa

An upsurge in African horse sickness (AHS) in the Eastern Cape, South Africa, from 2006 led to an epidemiological reassessment of the disease there. Light trapping surveys carried out near horses, donkeys and zebras in 2014–2016 collected 39 species of Culicoides midge (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) that are potential vectors of AHS. To establish if these midges fed on equids, DNA sequences were obtained from the gut contents of 52 female midges (35 freshly blood‐fed, 13 gravid and four parous), representing 11 species collected across 11 sites. Culicoides leucostictus fed on all three equids. Culicoides bolitinos, Culicoides imicola and Culicoides magnus fed on both horses and donkeys. Culicoides onderstepoortensis fed on donkeys, and Culicoides similis and Culicoides pycnostictus fed on zebras. Bloodmeals from cows, pigs, warthogs, impalas and a domestic dog were also identified in various species, but none of the midges tested had fed on birds. These results contribute to knowledge of the vectorial capacity of several species of Culicoides with regard to AHS in the Eastern Cape and point to potential reservoir hosts, of which donkeys, zebras and domestic dogs have previously been found to harbour AHS. Blood‐fed midges were also obtained throughout winter, indicating the potential for endemic AHS in the province.     

Molecular genetics of peripheral populations of Nova Scotian Unionidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia)

Peripheral populations of eight species of freshwater bivalves (Unionidae.) extending their geographic ranges into Nova Scotia, Canada, were examined electrophoretically to determine both the extent of genetic variability within such populations, and whether the hypothesized pathway of colonization across the Isthmus of Chignecto is reflected in patterns of genetic resemblance among these populations. The Nova Scotian species examined could be separated into two groups based on levels of observed heterozygosity and levels of variability in allele frequencies. The first group is characterized by low levels of heterozygosity and polymorphism compared with north-eastern American populations, and in the case of one species, Elliptio complanala, considerable variability in allele frequencies among populations occurring in similar habitats in different drainages. Populations of E. complanata from Nova Scotia can be differentiated from conspecific populations on the southern Atlantic Slope by possession of fast alleles at two loci. Multivariate analyses define subgroups within populations of E. complanata consistent with hypothesis that the species invaded Nova Scotia by way of the Isthmus of Chignecto, and then split into two groups, one of which colonized Cape Breton to the north and the other of which colonized southern areas of the Province. The second group of Nova Scotian species is characterized by little reduction in heterozygosity and polymorphism compared with values observed among north-eastern American conspecifics or congeners, little variability in allele frequencies from population to population, and little evidence to suggest that these species were dependent on the land bridge to invade the Province. The type of dispersal is hypothesized to be responsible, in part, for these differences: larvae of species in the first group rely on a parasitic attachment to fish with territorial habits limited to fresh water, and are thus likely to invade new drainages separated by salt water by chance, in small numbers, and in stepping-stone fashion. Species in the second group parasitize anadromous or saltwater tolerant hosts, are likely to be introduced into new habitats in greater numbers and/or receive greater amounts of gene flow subsequent to colonization, and seem less dependent on land-bridges to colonize new habitats.     

Typification of Linnaean taxa of annual Poaceae: Poeae related to Vulpia and Desmazeria

STACE, C. A. & JARVIS, C. E., 1985. TypiHcation of Linnaean taxa of annual Poaceae: Poeae related to Vulpia and Desmazeria. The status and typification of 15 Linnaean species of annual grasses related to Vulpia and Desmazeria are discussed. Of these 15, eight are represented by holotypes or lectotypes in LINN, two by lectotypes in Herb. A. van Royen (L), and one by a neotype in LINN. One (Festuca marina) is based on a pre-Linnaean polynomial and is represented by a lectotype in Herb. Sloane (BM); one (Cynosurus durus) has no known type specimens and we have chosen a Barrelier (1714) illustration as lectotype; one (Nardus aristatus) is an illegitimate name change for Nardus incurvus Gouan, for which we have selected a Scheuchzer (1719) illustration as lectotype; and finally Festuca incrassala appeared on a cancelled page of Species Plantarum and has no nomenclatural standing.     

Systematic analysis of the long-chain components of Eubacterium lentum

The cellular long-chain component patterns of 33 strains of Eubacterium lentum were determined by gas chromatography. Two main types of long-chain component patterns were distinguished. The first (26 strains) was characterized by saturated branched-chain fatty acids (br14:0, br15:0, br16:0 and br17:0). The second (7 strains) did not contain branched-chain fatty acids and was characterized by saturated straight-chain fatty acids (11:0, 12:0, 14:0 and 16:0). Both types contained fatty aldehydes and their respective dimethyl acetals (14ald and 14dma, 16ald and 16dma). br16dma was only found in the first type. The G + C content of the DNA (Tm) of the 33 strains varied between 63.7 and 69.1 mol %. Canonical correlation analysis distinguished three subtypes within the first main type.     

Cloning of aroG, the gene coding for phospho-2-keto-3-deoxy-heptonate aldolase(phe), in Escherichia coli K-12, and subcloning of the aroG promoter and operator in a promoter-detecting plasmid

Defective transducing phages carrying aroG, the structural gene for phenylalanine (phe)-inhibitable phospho-2-keto-heptonate aldolase (EC 4.1.2.15; previously known as 3-deoxy-D-arabinoheptulosonate-7-phosphate synthetase[phe]), have been isolated, and DNA from two of these phages has been used to construct a restriction map of the region from att lambda to aroG. A 7.6-kb PstI-HindIII fragment from one of these phages was cloned into pBR322 and shown to contain aroG. The location of aroG within the 7.6 kb was established by subcloning and Tn3 transpositional mutagenesis. A fragment carrying the aroG promoter and operator has been cloned into a high copy number promoter-cloning vector (pMC489), and the resulting aroGpo-LacZ' (alpha) fusion subcloned in a low copy number vector. Strains with this fusion on the low copy number vector exhibit negative regulation of beta-galactosidase expression by both phenylalanine and tryptophan and positive regulation by tyrosine in a tyrR+ background.     

A rapid single-stranded cloning strategy for producing a sequential series of overlapping clones for use in DNA sequencing: application to sequencing the corn mitochondrial 18 S rDNA

A simple new procedure was described for producing a sequential series of overlapping clones for use in DNA sequencing. The technique used single-stranded M13 DNA and complementary DNA oligomers to form specific cleavage and ligation substrates. It was, therefore, independent of the sequence of the DNA cloned into the vector. Deletions of varying sizes were generated from one end of the insert through the 3' to 5' exonuclease activity of T4 DNA polymerase. The approximate size of the deletion and therefore the starting point for DNA sequencing could be estimated by electrophoresis of the subcloned phage DNA on a agarose gel. This greatly reduced the number of templates that must be sequenced to obtain a complete sequence. The entire procedure could be carried out in one tube in less than a day. The procedure was used to subclone and sequence the maize mitochondrial 18 S rDNA and 5' flanking region (2622 bases) in less than a week. Other applications of oligomers and single-stranded DNA in the construction of insertions, deletions, and cDNAs are discussed.