全文获取类型
收费全文 | 193篇 |
免费 | 11篇 |
专业分类
204篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 5篇 |
2022年 | 2篇 |
2021年 | 6篇 |
2020年 | 5篇 |
2019年 | 11篇 |
2018年 | 5篇 |
2017年 | 4篇 |
2016年 | 4篇 |
2015年 | 8篇 |
2014年 | 11篇 |
2013年 | 8篇 |
2012年 | 19篇 |
2011年 | 10篇 |
2010年 | 8篇 |
2009年 | 4篇 |
2008年 | 12篇 |
2007年 | 6篇 |
2006年 | 10篇 |
2005年 | 7篇 |
2004年 | 9篇 |
2003年 | 6篇 |
2002年 | 5篇 |
2001年 | 2篇 |
2000年 | 2篇 |
1998年 | 2篇 |
1997年 | 1篇 |
1996年 | 1篇 |
1991年 | 1篇 |
1987年 | 2篇 |
1985年 | 3篇 |
1984年 | 1篇 |
1983年 | 2篇 |
1980年 | 1篇 |
1978年 | 2篇 |
1977年 | 2篇 |
1974年 | 1篇 |
1973年 | 5篇 |
1972年 | 2篇 |
1969年 | 1篇 |
1968年 | 1篇 |
1967年 | 3篇 |
1966年 | 1篇 |
1965年 | 1篇 |
1963年 | 1篇 |
1957年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有204条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
101.
Zuzana Hroncova Jaroslav Havlik Jiri Killer Ivo Doskocil Jan Tyl Martin Kamler Dalibor Titera Josef Hakl Jakub Mrazek Vera Bunesova Vojtech Rada 《PloS one》2015,10(3)
Social honey bees, Apis mellifera, host a set of distinct microbiota, which is similar across the continents and various honey bee species. Some of these bacteria, such as lactobacilli, have been linked to immunity and defence against pathogens. Pathogen defence is crucial, particularly in larval stages, as many pathogens affect the brood. However, information on larval microbiota is conflicting.Seven developmental stages and drones were sampled from 3 colonies at each of the 4 geographic locations of A. mellifera carnica, and the samples were maintained separately for analysis. We analysed the variation and abundance of important bacterial groups and taxa in the collected bees.Major bacterial groups were evaluated over the entire life of honey bee individuals, where digestive tracts of same aged bees were sampled in the course of time. The results showed that the microbial tract of 6-day-old 5th instar larvae were nearly equally rich in total microbial counts per total digestive tract weight as foraging bees, showing a high percentage of various lactobacilli (Firmicutes) and Gilliamella apicola (Gammaproteobacteria 1). However, during pupation, microbial counts were significantly reduced but recovered quickly by 6 days post-emergence. Between emergence and day 6, imago reached the highest counts of Firmicutes and Gammaproteobacteria, which then gradually declined with bee age. Redundancy analysis conducted using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis identified bacterial species that were characteristic of each developmental stage.The results suggest that 3-day 4th instar larvae contain low microbial counts that increase 2-fold by day 6 and then decrease during pupation. Microbial succession of the imago begins soon after emergence. We found that bacterial counts do not show only yearly cycles within a colony, but vary on the individual level. Sampling and pooling adult bees or 6th day larvae may lead to high errors and variability, as both of these stages may be undergoing dynamic succession. 相似文献
102.
Franti?ek Ondriska Ivana Vrabcov�� Silvia Brin?��kov�� Martin Kv��? Oleg Ditrich Vojtech Boldi? Marcela Bastlov�� 《Folia microbiologica》2013,58(1):69-73
Cryptosporidiosis belongs to the important parasitic infections with zoonotic potential and the occurrence in European countries is rare. The first cases of cryptosporidiosis caused by Cryptosporidium hominis detected in the Slovak republic were described here. Collection of examined humans consisted of five family members. Faecal specimens were examined by formalin sedimentation, by the Sheather??s sugar flotation and by immunochromatography and visualised by the Ziehl?CNeelsen acid fast stain. A fragment of the Cryptosporidium small subunit ribosomal RNA gene was amplified by nested polymerase chain reaction and species was determined by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis with the endonucleases SspI and VspI. C. hominis was found in faeces of two immunocompetent siblings (a 7-year-old boy and a 2-year-old girl). The symptoms occurred only in the boy as gastrointestinal disorders lasting 5?days, and manifested by abdominal pain, an elevated body temperature (37.2?°C), mild diarrhoea, accompanied by lassitude, depression and anorexia. Ultrasonic scan revealed enlarged spleen and mezenteric lymph nodes. Microscopic examination of the stool sample revealed numerous Cryptosporidium oocysts. The DNA typing identified C. hominis subtype IbA10G2. Cryptosporidium was also detected in the boy??s sister without any complications and symptoms. Their father, mother and grandmother were parasitologically negative. The source of infection remained unknown. Human cases in present study reflect necessity of systematic attention on intestinal parasites diagnostic inclusive of cryptosporidia. 相似文献
103.
104.
Our aim was to isolate bifidobacteria and clostridia from infant faeces and to test the growth of bifidobacteria and clostridia on prebiotic oligosaccharides. Seventy breast-fed infants aged between 3 and 253 days were tested for the presence of bifidobacteria and clostridia in their faeces. Ten strains of clostridia and 10 strains of bifidobacteria were isolated from infant faecal samples. Four strains of bifidobacteria originated from culture collections and 1 strain from fermented milk product were also tested. Subsequently, bacterial isolates were tested for their growth on prebiotic oligosaccharides in, in vitro conditions. Forty-six infants exhibited high numbers of bifidobacteria (usually higher than 9 logCFU/g) in their faeces. There were undetectable amounts of bifidobacteria in faecal samples in 24 of the studied infants (34%), these babies on the other hand possessed significant amounts of clostridia in their faecal flora. Both bifidobacteria and clostridia utilized all substrates tested. Bifidobacteria grew significantly better in the medium with galactooligosaccharides. Higher growth of clostridia was observed on raffinose and lactulose. Conversely, bifidobacteria grew slightly better in the medium with stachyose, inulin, Raftilose P85 and P95. However, these differences were not significant. Our results suggest that commercially available prebiotics support the growth of infant faecal clostridia. It is therefore questionable if bifidobacteria-deficient infants should be supplemented with prebiotics. 相似文献
105.
Jarosík V Kratochvíl L Honek A Dixon AF 《Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society》2004,271(Z4):S219-S221
In animals that do not regulate their body temperature by the production of heat, the proportion of the total developmental time spent in a particular developmental stage does not change with temperature. In the quasi-linear region of the relationship between developmental rate and temperature, all of the developmental stages appear to have the same species-specific lower developmental threshold. This trait, which is called developmental isomorphy, constrains developmental adaptations of ectotherms to their environments and facilitates the precise timing of life-history events. 相似文献
106.
Novotny V Miller SE Basset Y Cizek L Drozd P Darrow K Leps J 《Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society》2002,269(1507):2337-2344
Predictability in the composition of tropical assemblages of insect herbivores was studied using a sample of 35,952 caterpillars (Lepidoptera) from 534 species, feeding on 69 woody species from 45 genera and 23 families in a lowland rainforest in Papua New Guinea. Caterpillar assemblages were strongly dominated by a single species (median 48% of individuals and 49% of biomass). They were spatially and temporally constant (median normalized expected species shared (NESS) similarity between assemblages from the same host was greater than or equal to 0.85 for three sites 8-17 km apart as well as for three four-month periods of the year). Further, the median presence of species was 11 months per year. Assemblages on hosts from different families and genera were virtually disjunct (NESS similarity less than 0.05) as the caterpillars were mostly specialized to a single plant family (77% of species) and, within families, to a single genus (66% of species), while capable of feeding on multiple congeneric hosts (89% of species). The dominance of caterpillar assemblages by a small number of specialized species, which also exhibited low spatial and temporal variability, permitted robust and reliable estimates of assemblage composition and between-assemblage similarity from small samples, typically less than 300 individuals per host plant. By contrast, even considerably larger samples were insufficient for estimates of species richness. A sample of 300 individuals was typically obtained from 1,050 m(2) of foliage sampled during 596 tree inspections (i.e. a particular tree sampled at a particular time) in the course of 19 sampling days (median values from 69 assemblages). These results demonstrate that, contrary to some previous suggestions, insect herbivore assemblages in tropical rainforests have a predictable structure and, as such, are amenable to study. 相似文献
107.
Determination of isoflavones in soybean food and human urine using liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Klejdus B Vacek J Adam V Zehnálek J Kizek R Trnková L Kubán V 《Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences》2004,806(2):101-111
A highly sensitive high-performance liquid chromatographic method with electrochemical detection (HPLC-ED) was developed for the determination of isoflavones. Electrochemical behaviour of daidzein and genistein was studied on carbon paste electrode (CPE) by adsorptive transfer stripping square wave voltammetry. The obtained electrochemical results were used for the development of HPLC-ED method. Furthermore, isoflavones were separated on an Atlantis dC18 column using a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile (solvent A) and 0.15M acetate buffer of pH 5.5 (solvent B) at a flow rate 0.4 mL/min. A linear gradient profile (solvent B) was at 0-2 min 87%; 22 min 60%; 27 min 50%; 31 min 45%; 47 min 87%. Full scan of multi-channel coulometric detection was tested and optimal potential at 450 mV was chosen for our purposes. Calibration curves were linear (daidzein R(2) = 0.9993 and genistein R(2) = 0.9987). The detection limit for daidzein/genistein was 480/394 pg/mL (1.8/1.5 nM) and per column 2.4/1.9 pg. Isoflavones extracted from soybean products (farina, meat, milk) by the accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) procedure and isoflavones present in human urine were determined by the HPLC-ED method. 相似文献
108.
Hlouchová K Barinka C Klusák V Sácha P Mlcochová P Majer P Rulísek L Konvalinka J 《Journal of neurochemistry》2007,101(3):682-696
Human glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII) is a transmembrane metallopeptidase found mainly in the brain, small intestine, and prostate. In the brain, it cleaves N-acetyl-L-aspartyl-glutamate, liberating free glutamate. Inhibition of GCPII has been shown to be neuroprotective in models of stroke and other neurodegenerations. In prostate, it is known as prostate-specific membrane antigen, a cancer marker. Recently, human glutamate carboxypeptidase III (GCPIII), a GCPII homolog with 67% amino acid identity, was cloned. While GCPII is recognized as an important pharmaceutical target, no biochemical study of human GCPIII is available at present. Here, we report the cloning, expression, and characterization of recombinant human GCPIII. We show that GCPIII lacks dipeptidylpeptidase IV-like activity, its activity is dependent on N-glycosylation, and it is effectively inhibited by several known inhibitors of GCPII. In comparison to GCPII, GCPIII has lower N-acetyl-L-aspartyl-glutamate-hydrolyzing activity, different pH and salt concentration dependence, and distinct substrate specificity, indicating that these homologs might play different biological roles. Based on a molecular model, we provide interpretation of the distinct substrate specificity of both enzymes, and examine the amino acid residues responsible for the differences by site-directed mutagenesis. These results may help to design potent and selective inhibitors of both enzymes. 相似文献
109.
Soluble NSF attachment protein receptor molecular mimicry by a Legionella pneumophila Dot/Icm effector 下载免费PDF全文
Nathan P. King Patrice Newton Ralf Schuelein Darren L. Brown Marketa Petru Vojtech Zarsky Pavel Dolezal Lin Luo Andrea Bugarcic Amanda C. Stanley Rachael Z. Murray Brett M. Collins Rohan D. Teasdale Elizabeth L. Hartland Jennifer L. Stow 《Cellular microbiology》2015,17(6):767-784
Upon infection, Legionella pneumophila uses the Dot/Icm type IV secretion system to translocate effector proteins from the Legionella‐containing vacuole (LCV) into the host cell cytoplasm. The effectors target a wide array of host cellular processes that aid LCV biogenesis, including the manipulation of membrane trafficking. In this study, we used a hidden Markov model screen to identify two novel, non‐eukaryotic s oluble N SF a ttachment protein re ceptor (SNARE) homologs: the bacterial Legionella SNARE effector A (LseA) and viral SNARE homolog A proteins. We characterized LseA as a Dot/Icm effector of L. pneumophila, which has close homology to the Qc‐SNARE subfamily. The lseA gene was present in multiple sequenced L. pneumophila strains including Corby and was well distributed among L. pneumophila clinical and environmental isolates. Employing a variety of biochemical, cell biological and microbiological techniques, we found that farnesylated LseA localized to membranes associated with the Golgi complex in mammalian cells and LseA interacted with a subset of Qa‐, Qb‐ and R‐SNAREs in host cells. Our results suggested that LseA acts as a SNARE protein and has the potential to regulate or mediate membrane fusion events in Golgi‐associated pathways. 相似文献
110.
Jiri Petrek Ondrej Zitka Vojtech Adam Karel Bartusek Naser A. Anjum Eduarda Pereira Ladislav Havel Rene Kizek 《PloS one》2015,10(12)