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991.
Kaminen-Ahola N Ahola A Flatscher-Bader T Wilkins SJ Anderson GJ Whitelaw E Chong S 《Birth defects research. Part A, Clinical and molecular teratology》2010,88(10):818-826
Growth restriction, craniofacial dysmorphology, and central nervous system defects are the main diagnostic features of fetal alcohol syndrome. Studies in humans and mice have reported that the growth restriction can be prenatal or postnatal, but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown.We recently described a mouse model of moderate gestational ethanol exposure that produces measurable phenotypes in line with fetal alcohol syndrome (e.g., craniofacial changes and growth restriction in adolescent mice). In this study, we characterize in detail the growth restriction phenotype by measuring body weight at gestational day 16.5, cross-fostering from birth to weaning, and by extending our observations into adulthood. Furthermore, in an attempt to unravel the molecular events contributing to the growth phenotype, we have compared gene expression patterns in the liver and kidney of nonfostered, ethanol-exposed and control mice at postnatal day 28.We find that the ethanol-induced growth phenotype is not detectable prior to birth, but is present at weaning, even in mice that have been cross-fostered to unexposed dams. This finding suggests a postnatal growth restriction phenotype that is not due to deficient postpartum care by dams that drank ethanol, but rather a physiologic result of ethanol exposure in utero. We also find that, despite some catch-up growth after 5 weeks of age, the effect extends into adulthood, which is consistent with longitudinal studies in humans.Genome-wide gene expression analysis revealed interesting ethanol-induced changes in the liver, including genes involved in the metabolism of exogenous and endogenous compounds, iron homeostasis, and lipid metabolism. 相似文献
992.
Maud Hertzog Francesca Milanesi Larnele Hazelwood Andrea Disanza HongJun Liu Emilie Perlade Maria Grazia Malabarba Sebastiano Pasqualato Alessio Maiolica Stefano Confalonieri Christophe Le Clainche Nina Offenhauser Jennifer Block Klemens Rottner Pier Paolo Di Fiore Marie-France Carlier Niels Volkmann Dorit Hanein Giorgio Scita 《PLoS biology》2010,8(6)
Actin capping and cross-linking proteins regulate the dynamics and architectures
of different cellular protrusions. Eps8 is the founding member of a unique
family of capping proteins capable of side-binding and bundling actin filaments.
However, the structural basis through which Eps8 exerts these functions remains
elusive. Here, we combined biochemical, molecular, and genetic approaches with
electron microscopy and image analysis to dissect the molecular mechanism
responsible for the distinct activities of Eps8. We propose that bundling
activity of Eps8 is mainly mediated by a compact four helix bundle, which is
contacting three actin subunits along the filament. The capping activity is
mainly mediated by a amphipathic helix that binds within the hydrophobic pocket
at the barbed ends of actin blocking further addition of actin monomers.
Single-point mutagenesis validated these modes of binding, permitting us to
dissect Eps8 capping from bundling activity in vitro. We further showed that the
capping and bundling activities of Eps8 can be fully dissected in vivo,
demonstrating the physiological relevance of the identified Eps8
structural/functional modules. Eps8 controls actin-based motility through its
capping activity, while, as a bundler, is essential for proper intestinal
morphogenesis of developing Caenorhabditis elegans. 相似文献
993.
Levi LI Gnädig NF Beaucourt S McPherson MJ Baron B Arnold JJ Vignuzzi M 《PLoS pathogens》2010,6(10):e1001163
In a screen for RNA mutagen resistance, we isolated a high fidelity RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) variant of Coxsackie virus B3 (CVB3). Curiously, this variant A372V is also resistant to amiloride. We hypothesize that amiloride has a previously undescribed mutagenic activity. Indeed, amiloride compounds increase the mutation frequencies of CVB3 and poliovirus and high fidelity variants of both viruses are more resistant to this effect. We hypothesize that this mutagenic activity is mediated through alterations in intracellular ions such as Mg2+ and Mn2+, which in turn increase virus mutation frequency by affecting RdRp fidelity. Furthermore, we show that another amiloride-resistant RdRp variant, S299T, is completely resistant to this mutagenic activity and unaffected by changes in ion concentrations. We show that RdRp variants resist the mutagenic activity of amiloride via two different mechanisms: 1) increased fidelity that generates virus populations presenting lower basal mutation frequencies or 2) resisting changes in divalent cation concentrations that affect polymerase fidelity. Our results uncover a new antiviral approach based on mutagenesis. 相似文献
994.
995.
Androgen action via testicular arteriole smooth muscle cells is important for Leydig cell function, vasomotion and testicular fluid dynamics 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Welsh M Sharpe RM Moffat L Atanassova N Saunders PT Kilter S Bergh A Smith LB 《PloS one》2010,5(10):e13632
Regulation of blood flow through the testicular microvasculature by vasomotion is thought to be important for normal testis function as it regulates interstitial fluid (IF) dynamics which is an important intra-testicular transport medium. Androgens control vasomotion, but how they exert these effects remains unclear. One possibility is by signalling via androgen receptors (AR) expressed in testicular arteriole smooth muscle cells. To investigate this and determine the overall importance of this mechanism in testis function, we generated a blood vessel smooth muscle cell-specific AR knockout mouse (SMARKO). Gross reproductive development was normal in SMARKO mice but testis weight was reduced in adulthood compared to control littermates; this reduction was not due to any changes in germ cell volume or to deficits in testosterone, LH or FSH concentrations and did not cause infertility. However, seminiferous tubule lumen volume was reduced in adult SMARKO males while interstitial volume was increased, perhaps indicating altered fluid dynamics; this was associated with compensated Leydig cell failure. Vasomotion was impaired in adult SMARKO males, though overall testis blood flow was normal and there was an increase in the overall blood vessel volume per testis in adult SMARKOs. In conclusion, these results indicate that ablating arteriole smooth muscle AR does not grossly alter spermatogenesis or affect male fertility but does subtly impair Leydig cell function and testicular fluid exchange, possibly by locally regulating microvascular blood flow within the testis. 相似文献
996.
Brian Hunt Jan Strugnell Nina Bednarsek Katrin Linse R. John Nelson Evgeny Pakhomov Brad Seibel Dirk Steinke Laura Würzberg 《PloS one》2010,5(3)
The shelled pteropod (sea butterfly) Limacina helicina is currently recognised as a species complex comprising two sub-species and at least five “forma”. However, at the species level it is considered to be bipolar, occurring in both the Arctic and Antarctic oceans. Due to its aragonite shell and polar distribution L. helicina is particularly vulnerable to ocean acidification. As a key indicator of the acidification process, and a major component of polar ecosystems, L. helicina has become a focus for acidification research. New observations that taxonomic groups may respond quite differently to acidification prompted us to reassess the taxonomic status of this important species. We found a 33.56% (±0.09) difference in cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene sequences between L. helicina collected from the Arctic and Antarctic oceans. This degree of separation is sufficient for ordinal level taxonomic separation in other organisms and provides strong evidence for the Arctic and Antarctic populations of L. helicina differing at least at the species level. Recent research has highlighted substantial physiological differences between the poles for another supposedly bipolar pteropod species, Clione limacina. Given the large genetic divergence between Arctic and Antarctic L. helicina populations shown here, similarly large physiological differences may exist between the poles for the L. helicina species group. Therefore, in addition to indicating that L. helicina is in fact not bipolar, our study demonstrates the need for acidification research to take into account the possibility that the L. helicina species group may not respond in the same way to ocean acidification in Arctic and Antarctic ecosystems. 相似文献
997.
Przała J Gregoraszczuk EL Kotwica G Stefańczyk-Krzymowska S Ziecik AJ Blitek A Ptak A Rak A Wójtowicz A Kamiński T Siawrys G Smolińska N Franczak A Kurowicka B Oponowicz A Wasowska B Chłopek J Kowalczyk AE Kaczmarek MM Wacławik A 《Reproductive biology》2006,6(Z1):59-87
The paper summarizes results of a series of studies concerning luteolysis and early pregnancy in pigs. The involvement of the oxytocin (OT)/OT receptor system in the mechanism of corpus luteum (CL) protection during early pregnancy as well as the implication of luteinizing hormone (LH) in the endometrial prostaglandin (PG) release and synthesis are described. In addition, the role of leptin in the regulation of ovarian steroidogenesis and the expression of leptin and its receptor (OB-Rb) genes in hypothalamus, pituitary and reproductive tissues are reported. Moreover, a strong emphasis was placed on the mechanism of PGE2 participation in the local endocrine regulations of reproductive processes occurring in the utero-ovarian area as well as on the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) ligand-receptor system in the ovary and uterus. 相似文献
998.
Dent MR Aroutiounova N Dhalla NS Tappia PS 《Journal of cellular and molecular medicine》2006,10(2):470-479
Because the left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy due to volume overload induced by arteriovenous (AV) shunt was associated with an increase in phospholipase C (PLC) isozyme mRNA levels, PLC is considered to be involved in the development of cardiac hypertrophy. Since the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is activated in cardiac hypertrophy, the role of RAS in the stimulation of PLC isozyme gene expression in hypertrophied heart was investigated by inducing AV shunt in Sprague-Dawley rats. The animals were treated with or without losartan (20 mg/kg, daily) for 3 days as well as 1, 2 and 4 weeks, and atria, right ventricle (RV) and LV were used for analysis. The increased muscle mass as well as the mRNA levels for PLC beta1 and beta3 in atria and RV, unlike PLC beta3 gene expression in LV, at 3 days of AVshunt were attenuated by losartan. The increased gene expression for PLC beta1 at 2 weeks in atria, at 1 and 4 weeks in RV, and at 2 and 4 weeks in LV was also depressed by losartan treatment. Likewise, the elevated mRNA levels for PLC beta3 in RV at 1 week and in LVat 4 weeks of cardiac hypertrophy were decreased by losartan. On the other hand, the increased levels of mRNA for PLC gamma1 in RV and LV at 2 and 4 weeks of inducing hypertrophy, unlike in atria at 4 weeks were not attenuated by losartan treatment. While the increased mRNA level for PLC delta1 in LV was reduced by losartan, gene expression for PLC delta1 was unaltered in atria and decreased in RV at 3 days of inducing AV shunt. These results suggest that changes in PLC isozyme gene expression were chamber specific and time-dependent upon inducing cardiac hypertrophy due to AV shunt. Furthermore, partial attenuation of the increased gene expression for some of the PLC isozymes and no effect of losartan on others indicate that both RAS dependent and independent mechanisms may be involved in hypertrophied hearts due to volume overload. 相似文献
999.
1000.
Kievit P Howard JK Badman MK Balthasar N Coppari R Mori H Lee CE Elmquist JK Yoshimura A Flier JS 《Cell metabolism》2006,4(2):123-132
Suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (Socs-3) negatively regulates the action of various cytokines, as well as the metabolic hormones leptin and insulin. Mice with haploinsufficiency of Socs-3, or those with neuronal deletion of Socs-3, are lean and more leptin and insulin sensitive. To examine the role of Socs-3 within specific neurons critical to energy balance, we created mice with selective deletion of Socs-3 within pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)-expressing cells. These mice had enhanced leptin sensitivity, measured by weight loss and food intake after leptin infusion. On chow diet, glucose homeostasis was improved despite normal weight gain. On a high-fat diet, the rate of weight gain was reduced, due to increased energy expenditure rather than decreased food intake; glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity were substantially improved. These studies demonstrate that Socs-3 within POMC neurons regulates leptin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis, and plays a key role in linking high-fat diet to disordered metabolism. 相似文献