Competition at the soybean V6 stage affects root morphology and biochemical composition

• The experiment was conducted in the 2016/17 crop season in a greenhouse at Passo Fundo University, Brazil. We hypothesised that the morphological characteristics and biochemical and anatomical composition of soybean roots and shoots, when competing with weeds during different growth periods, are negatively affected, so current concepts of competition between plants should also consider changes in plant roots.
• The soybean cultivar P 95R51 and horseweed (Conyza bonariensis) were used. The treatments consisted of the presence or absence of weeds during different coexistence periods of soybean with horseweed. The periods were V0–V3, V0–V6, V0–R2, V3–R6, V6–R6 and R2–R6, where V0 was the date of soybean sowing and V3, V6, R2 and R6 were phenological stages of the crop. Two fresh roots were used to examine morphological traits. Four roots were used for quantification of dry matter and secondary metabolites.
• Root length was reduced by 21%, 14% and 20% when competing with a weed in the V0–V3, V0–V6 and R2–R6 coexistence periods, respectively. Total phenol content in the V0–V6 and V0–R2 periods was reduced when plants were in competition with weeds; a similar trend was found for flavonoids in the V0–V6 period.
• Soybean–horseweed competition from crop emergence to the V6 stage, in general, affects shoot and root morphological traits and the biochemical composition of the soybean roots. The presence of horseweed at the V3, V6 and R2 stages does not negatively alter the traits evaluated. Root anatomical composition is not modified during all coexistence periods with horseweed.

     

Excitation characteristics of the squid giant axon: a test of excitation theory in a case of rapid accommodation

1. The characteristics of the threshold excitation behavior of the squid giant axon were investigated with condenser discharges, exponentially blunted D. c. shocks, sinusoidal currents, and brief condenser-discharge test shocks superimposed at either electrode at controlled brief intervals following the closing of a constant current. 2. Data obtained by the use of condenser discharges and exponentially blunted currents followed theoretical patterns separately, but could not be mutually reconciled, under the system of the two-factor theories of excitation, since the accommodation was so rapid that the apparent ratio between the two time factors was incompatible with certain previously neglected theoretical limitations. 3. Data obtained with the other procedures indicated similarly rapid accommodation, but usually showed an imaginary component in the values of the time constants, associated with a capacity of the threshold to exhibit damped oscillatory behavior. 4. The anodal threshold behavior did not parallel that at the cathode, showing neither oscillation nor accommodation at ordinary current intensities. 5. The digressions from predictions of the two-factor theories of excitation are partly analyzed and compared with other reported deviations.     

The mechanism of glucose transfer into and out of the human red cell

1. The kinetics of the movements of glucose in both directions across the surface of the human red cell were studied by optical recording (Ørskov method) of resultant cell volume changes. 2. A wide experimental variety was arranged in the relations between the several quantitative factors contributing to the glucose gradient and the volume changes expected, in order to provide a maximum variety of systematic relations between those factors and the rate of glucose transfer. 3. The kinetics were shown to follow the patterns predicted on the basis of a simple carrier system, involving formation of a highly undissociated complex between the sugar and some factor in the cell surface, provided the glucose concentrations used did not exceed about 3/4 isosmotic. Certain simple properties of this system are derived from the data. 4. At very high glucose concentrations, this system apparently gradually fails to operate; this failure is reversible upon lowering of the excessive glucose concentration. 5. An empirical correction was derived for a previously known but uncalibrated optical disturbance complicating the use of the Ørskov method with media containing appreciable concentrations of non-electrolytes.