Temporal and numerical patterns of reproductive behavior in the southern green stink bug,Nezara viridula (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

Through hourly observations of 370 individuals in two 11-day test periods, the temporal and numerical patterns of mating and oviposition behavior inNezara viridula (L.) were investigated in the laboratory. There was large variation in copulatory durations (1–165 hr), number of copulations per individual (1–9), and timein copulo prior to oviposition (1–176 hr). Number of copulations and mean copulatory duration were negatively correlated for both sexes. Number of copulations was positively correlated with percent of total test time spent mating. Neither males nor females exhibited definitive refractory periods. Oviposition followed a marked diel periodicity.

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Zusammenfassung Das Paarungs- und Eiablageverhalten vonNezara viridula (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) wurde im Labor beobachtet. Es wurden 370 markierte. Wanzen während zwei 11-tägigen Versuchen berücksichtigt. Die in kleinen Käfigen eingeschlossenen Insekten wurden einmal pro Stunde kontrolliert. Die jeweilige Kopulationsdauer für alle Paare wurde registriert, wie auch die Trennungszeiten der Individuen. Die Dauer der Kopulation schwankte von 1 bis 165 Stunden; die Individuen paarten sich 1 bis 9 mal; bei den Weibchen betrug die Gesamtpaarungszeit vor der Eiablage 1 bis 176 Stunden. Für die beiden Geschlechter verringerte sich jede einzelne Kopulationsdauer, sobald die Paarungshäufigkeit zunahm. Je niedriger die Kopulationsrate war, desto geringer war auch die gesamte Kopulationszeit (Fig. 2). Es wurden weder für die Männchen noch für die Weibchen bestimmte Inaktivitätszeiten registriert; manche blieben für längere Zeit ohne weitere Paarungen, während andere sich sofort wieder paarten. Die Eiablage fand hauptsächlich von 18.00–21.00 Uhr statt (Fig. 3).

     

Transvenous lead extraction on uninterrupted anticoagulation: A safe approach?

IntroductionCurrent guidelines advocate reviewing peri-procedural anticoagulation on individual case basis for transvenous lead extraction (TLE). We investigated the safety of TLE on uninterrupted warfarin with therapeutic INR.MethodsRetrospective registry of consecutive patients undergoing TLE on uninterrupted warfarin (Warfarin Group) across two centres. Age and sex matched controls not on anticoagulation (No-Warfarin Group) and undergoing TLE over the same time-period were included. Both groups were compared over one-year.Results121 TLEs over 18-months. 22 patients on uninterrupted anticoagulation were compared to 22 controls. Groups were well matched for baseline demographics other than INR. Warfarin group had mean INR of 2.2 ± 0.6 (range 2–3.5). Primary end point was procedural safety and efficacy. Amongst cases, 43/45 (96%) leads were removed in their entirety compared to 37/40 (93%) in controls (p = 0.66). In the cases, these included 44% defibrillator, 47% pace-sense and 9% CS leads of average duration 7yrs. There was no reported tamponade, haemothorax or procedural mortality in either group. One patient amongst cases required inotropic support while two patients amongst controls had device-site haematomas. No significant difference reported in Hb drop post-procedure or overall complication rate between the groups (p = 0.11,0.32). Cox regression showed a significant association between procedural success and device infection, number of leads extracted, serum creatinine (p = 0.03, 0.04, 0.02). Over a 1-year follow-up, there was lead displacement in one case and one control had infection of the re-implanted device.ConclusionTLE can be carried out safely in anticoagulated patients with therapeutic INRs. Larger multicentre studies are required to confirm these findings.