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Eben Goodale Hari Sridhar Kathryn E. Sieving Priti Bangal Gabriel J. Colorado Z. Damien R. Farine Eckhard W. Heymann Harrison H. Jones Indrikis Krams Ari E. Martínez Flavia Montao‐Centellas Jenny Muoz Umesh Srinivasan Anne Theo Kartik Shanker 《Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society》2020,95(4):889-910
Mixed‐species animal groups (MSGs) are widely acknowledged to increase predator avoidance and foraging efficiency, among other benefits, and thereby increase participants' fitness. Diversity in MSG composition ranges from two to 70 species of very similar or completely different phenotypes. Yet consistency in organization is also observable in that one or a few species usually have disproportionate importance for MSG formation and/or maintenance. We propose a two‐dimensional framework for understanding this diversity and consistency, concentrating on the types of interactions possible between two individuals, usually of different species. One axis represents the similarity of benefit types traded between the individuals, while the second axis expresses asymmetry in the relative amount of benefits/costs accrued. Considering benefit types, one extreme represents the case of single‐species groups wherein all individuals obtain the same supplementary, group‐size‐related benefits, and the other extreme comprises associations of very different, but complementary species (e.g. one partner creates access to food while the other provides vigilance). The relevance of social information and the matching of activities (e.g. speed of movement) are highest for relationships on the supplementary side of this axis, but so is competition; relationships between species will occur at points along this gradient where the benefits outweigh the costs. Considering benefit amounts given or received, extreme asymmetry occurs when one species is exclusively a benefit provider and the other a benefit user. Within this parameter space, some MSG systems are constrained to one kind of interaction, such as shoals of fish of similar species or leader–follower interactions in fish and other taxa. Other MSGs, such as terrestrial bird flocks, can simultaneously include a variety of supplementary and complementary interactions. We review the benefits that species obtain across the diversity of MSG types, and argue that the degree and nature of asymmetry between benefit providers and users should be measured and not just assumed. We then discuss evolutionary shifts in MSG types, focusing on drivers towards similarity in group composition, and selection on benefit providers to enhance the benefits they can receive from other species. Finally, we conclude by considering how individual and collective behaviour in MSGs may influence both the structure and processes of communities. 相似文献
94.
Yu‐Guo Yang Xu‐Ping Wang Bing Liu Yuan‐Yuan Zhang Xian‐Shun Lv Jing Li Lei Wei Hua‐Jian Yu Yanyan Hu Hua‐Di Zhang 《Luminescence》2020,35(4):580-585
Dy3+‐doped Y3Al5O12 phosphors were prepared at a relatively low temperature using molten salt synthesis. The phase of the prepared Dy3+‐doped Y3Al5O12 phosphors was confirmed using X‐ray powder diffraction. Results indicated that Dy3+ doping did not change the Y3Al5O12 phase. Following excitation at 352 nm, emission spectra of the Dy3+‐doped Y3Al5O12 phosphors consisted of blue, yellow, and red emission bands. The influence of Dy3+ concentration and excitation wavelength on emission was investigated. The ratio of yellow light to blue light varied with change in Dy3+ doping concentration, due to changes in the structure around Dy3+. Emission intensities also changed when the excitation wavelength was changed. This variation is luminescence generated a system for tunable white light for Dy3+‐doped Y3Al5O12 phosphors. 相似文献
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Caroline Ward Lindsay C. Stringer Eleanor Warren‐Thomas Fahmuddin Agus Keith Hamer Nathalie Pettorelli Bambang Hariyadi Jenny Hodgson Winda D. Kartika Jennifer Lucey Colin McClean Neneng L. Nurida Asmadi Saad Jane K. Hill 《Restoration Ecology》2020,28(4):817-827
Ecological restoration is considered to play an important role in mitigating climate change, protecting biodiversity, and preventing environmental degradation. Yet, there are often multiple perspectives on what outcomes restoration should be aiming to achieve, and how we should get to that point. In this study we interview a range of policymakers, academics, and non‐governmental organization (NGO) representatives to explore the range of perspectives on the restoration of Indonesia's tropical peatlands—key global ecosystems that have undergone large‐scale degradation. Thematic analysis suggests that participants agreed about the importance of restoration, but had differing opinions on how effective restoration activities to date have been and what a restored peatland landscape should look like. These results exemplify how ecological restoration can mean different things to different people, but also highlight important areas of consensus for moving forward with peatland restoration strategies. 相似文献
98.
Species loss is a global issue. With up to a million species at risk and insufficient protected area to maintain the world's biodiversity, humanity will increasingly need to rely on species re‐introductions to locally restore diversity and function. However, such restoration attempts are bound to fail when ecological communities get locked in a closed state that is resistant to recovery. It is presently unknown how to repair these closed systems. We use mathematical models to identify ways out of this problem. We first show how ecological communities may enter a closed state, to then explain how to open them up again for restoration of their original diversity. We find that restoration is often still possible shortly after initial species loss, as (1) the secondary extinctions that produce closure have not happened yet and (2) mild population fluctuations still allow successful repair during a transient postdisturbance phase. However, after this typically short window of opportunity for restoration, the system enters a new equilibrium, which may be a closed state. Our analysis shows how to take ecological communities out of the closed state: Appropriate management of carrying capacities produces a regime of mild population fluctuations that opens a window for successful species re‐introductions. These windows can be perpetually recurring or permanently open. Such opportunities for repair can be absent under regimes of wild cycles or perfect stability. We conclude that mild cycles may open windows of opportunity for the repair of communities that have become resistant to recovery. 相似文献
99.
Pegah Rahimizadeh Tohid Rezaei Topraggaleh Mohammad Hossein Nasr‐Esfahani Niloofar Ziarati Shahab Mirshahvaladi Vahid Esmaeili Soroush Seifi Poopak Eftekhari‐Yazdi Abdolhossein Shahverdi 《Molecular reproduction and development》2020,87(1):115-123
Failed oocyte activation has been observed in unexplained infertile (UI) and asthenoteratozoospermic (AT) men. The deficiency of phospholipase C‐zeta (PLCζ) could be a possible reason for such failures and has not been studied yet. We investigated the expression and localization of PLCζ protein in the sperms of patients with UI and AT conditions. The relationships between PLCζ‐related parameters with male age, sperm characteristics, DNA integrity, and cellular maturity were assessed. Semen samples were collected from fertile (n = 40), UI (n = 40), and AT (n = 40) men. Subsequently, semen analysis, DNA fragmentation, hyaluronic acid‐binding ability, and PLCζ level along with its distribution were evaluated using computer‐assisted sperm analyzer, sperm chromatin structure assay (SCSA), hyaluronic acid‐binding assay (HBA), western blot analysis and immunofluorescence microscopy, respectively. Unlike SCSA, the values of HBA, and PLCζ expression were significantly reduced in UI and AT patients compared to fertile men, whereas no significant differences were observed among the experimental groups in terms of PLCζ localization patterns. The regression analysis also showed that HBA is the only variable associated with PLCζ levels. Furthermore, the correlation of male age with PLCζ localization in postacrosomal, equatorial, and acrosomal+postacrosomal+equatorial (A+PA+E) patterns, as well as the relation of normal morphology, with the (A+PA+E) pattern, remained in the regression model. Our findings indicated that reduced PLCζ level along with the increased DNA fragmentation and impaired maturation may be possible etiologies of decreased fertilization in the studied subjects. 相似文献
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