Land tenure and transfer in Chimbu,Papua New Guinea: 1958–1984—A study in continuity and change,accommodation and opportunism

A long-term study of land tenure, land transfer, and succession in one subclan of the Chimbu in the Papua New Guinea highlands takes up the relations between the agricultural cycle, family, and population growth in a period of rapid commercialization and cash cropping. Over a generation, land was held and allocated within families, among families within the subclan, and to kin and affines in neighboring groups. The land tenure, ownership, and use system allows for a very great deal of individual movement and land gifts, temporary or long-term, by land owner to kin and friends. Despite an agnatic ideology, individuals and local groups opportunistically accommodate to land needs. As cultivation becomes more intensive and semi-permanent, there appears to be a progression from fluidity of land rights in the clan or subclan to anchoring of rights and boundaries to individuals and families. It is suggested that this characterizes Chimbu land tenure; it is not a postcolonial phenomenon.     

Colour development of immunogold-labelled antibodies for light microscopy

Summary We describe an improvement of the immunogold technique, which is based on the colour development of silver-intensified immunogold signals. This method (referred to as the coloured-SIG technique) was found to be as sensitive as the silver-intensified immunogold method and more sensitive (in two of the three tested systems) than immunoenzymatic procedures, such as the peroxidase/antiperoxidase technique or the avidin-biotin system. The coloured SIG-method results in either a magneta-red or a cyan-blue final reaction product. Therefore, this new improvement of the immunogold technique should be useful in (1) double-staining methods, (2) immunoblot methods and (3) conventional immunostaining methods.Supported by the Robert-Bosch-Foundation, Stuttgart     

Nutritional needs for egg formation in the Shag Phalacrocorax aristotelis

Egg production does not impose a major food need in the Shag Phalacrocorax aristotelis because the eggs are small, are formed slowly and are laid at 3-day intervals. I used dye-dosing of females, laying time and, after fixing and staining the yolk, daily ring counts to estimate the amounts of protein and energy needed each day to produce a clutch of three eggs. Maximum daily nutrient needs during egg formation were only 1.15 g per day additional protein and 34 kJ per day energy. Yolk formation times of 40 eggs were 13.5 (±1.2 s.d.) days. Based on yolk-ring counts and laying dates of 15 eggs that contained dye, the lag period between yolk completion and laying was 3.1 ± 0.06 days. The distinct light and dark rings of the stained yolk resulted from differences in the transparency of the yolk spheres. In the dark rings, the spheres were relatively clear, so more depth of stained yolk could be seen than in the light rings, which reflected the incident light.     

Identification of a plant-derived mollicute as a strain of an avian pathogen, Mycoplasma iowae, and its implications for mollicute taxonomy.

Strain PPAV, a filamentous but nonhelical mollicute, was isolated from aborted apple seeds in France in late 1979. This organism grew well in SP-4 broth, fermented glucose, and required sterol for growth, and most of its properties suggested that it belonged to the genus Mycoplasma. However, it was serologically distinct; in addition, unlike other Mycoplasma species, genome measurements consistently yielded values of about 1,000 MDa (ca. 1,500 kbp), and the organism had a growth temperature optimum of 43 degrees C. A comparison of strain PPAV 16S rRNA sequences with those of other mollicutes revealed a high degree of sequence similarity to a strain of Mycoplasma iowae, which is commonly encountered in poultry. This relationship was confirmed by performing a restriction endonuclease pattern analysis and DNA-DNA hybridization tests. The genome size of type strain 695 of M. iowae was determined to be about 1,000 MDa (1,500 kbp) by renaturation kinetics, a value which is much higher than any other value known in the genus. Additional measurements by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis yielded values of 1,300 kbp for both strain PPAV and M. iowae. Subsequent phenotypic comparisons supported this relationship. Serologic tests with strain PPAV and other strains of M. iowae confirmed the findings of other investigators that this species is serologically heterogeneous. The high optimum temperature for growth of strain PPAV was also shared by a number of M. iowae isolates. Genome size is an inappropriate character for taxonomic assignment to the family Mycoplasmataceae because strain PPAV and other established species in this family are now known to have genomes ranging in size from 1,000 to 1,400 kbp.     

The Genetics of a Small Autosomal Region of Drosophila Melanogaster Containing the Structural Gene for Alcohol Dehydrogenase. VII. Characterization of the Region around the Snail and Cactus Loci

The genetic interval 35C to 36A on chromosome arm 2L of Drosophila melanogaster has been saturated for mutations with visible or lethal phenotypes. 38 loci have been characterized, including several maternal-effect lethals (vasa, Bic-C, chiffon, cactus and cornichon) and several early embryonic lethals, including snail and fizzy. About 130 deletions have been used to order these loci. Complex interactions between mutant alleles have been uncovered in the immediate genetic environs of the snail gene, as has further evidence for an interaction between this region and that including the nearby genes no-ocelli and elbow.