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81.
Hubert Wiener Dan A. Klaerke Peter L. Jørgensen 《The Journal of membrane biology》1990,117(3):275-283
Summary In the mammalian distal colon, the surface epithelium is responsible for electrolyte absorption, while the crypts are the site of secretion. This study examines the properties of electrical potential-driven86Rb+ fluxes through K+ channels in basolateral membrane vesicles of surface and crypt cells of the rabbit distal colon epithelium. We show that Ba2+-sensitive, Ca2+-activated K+ channels are present in both surface and crypt cell derived vesicles with half-maximal activation at 5×10–7
m free Ca2+. This suggests an important role of cytoplasmic Ca2+ in the regulation of the bidirectional ion fluxes in the colon epithelium.The properties of K+ channels in the surface cell membrane fraction differ from those of the channels in the crypt cell derived membranes. The peptide toxin apamin inhibits Ca2+-activated K+ channels exclusively in surface cell vesicles, while charybdotoxin inhibits predominantely in the crypt cell membrane fraction. Titrations with H+ and tetraethylammonium show that both high-and low-sensitive86Rb+ flux components are present in surface cell vesicles, while the high-sensitive component is absent in the crypt cell membrane fraction. The Ba2+-sensitive, Ca2+-activated K+ channels can be solubilized in CHAPS and reconstituted into phospholipid vesicles. This is an essential step for further characterization of channel properties and for identification of the channel proteins in purification procedures. 相似文献
82.
Summary Clinical and cytogenetical findings are described in an infant with a de novo deletion of the long arm of chromosome 2. The boy's karyotype is 46,XY, rec(2)delq,t(2;7) (2pter2q34::7p217pter) (7qter7p21::2q362qter). He showed developmental retardation, low-set ears, micrognathia, short neck, abundant skin of the neck, tetralogy of Fallot, bipartite labialike scrotum, clitorislike penis, cryptorchism, and deformities of the hands and feet. 相似文献
83.
Bertel Møhl Annemarie Surlykke 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》1989,165(1):119-124
Summary Two big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) were trained to report the presence or absence of a virtual sonar target. The bats' sensitivity to transient masking was investigated by adding 5 ms pulses of white noise delayed from 0 to 16 ms relative to the target echo. When signal and masker occurred simultaneously, the bats required a signal energy to noise spectrum level ratio of 35 dB for 50% probability of detection. When the masker was delayed by 2 ms or more there was no significant masking and echo energy could be reduced by 30 dB for the same probability of detection. The average duration of the most energetic sonar signal of each trial was measured to be 1.7 ms and 2.4 ms for the two bats, but a simple relation between detection performance and pulse duration was not found.In a different experiment the masking noise pulses coincided with the echo, and the duration of the masker was varied from 2 to 37.5 ms. The duration of the masker had little or no effect on the probability of detection.The findings are consistent with an aural integration time constant of about 2 ms, which is comparable to the duration of the cries. This is an order of magnitude less than found in backward masking experiments with humans and may be an adaptation to the special constraints of echolocation. The short time of sensitivity to masking may indicate that the broad band clicks of arctiid moths produced as a countermeasure to bat predation are unlikely to function by masking the echo of the moth.Abbreviations
SPL
sound pressure level
-
SD
standard deviation
-
SE
standard error
-
BW
bandwidth 相似文献
84.
Purified potato tuber (Solanum tuberosum L. cv Bintie) mitochondria contain soluble, highly latent NAD+- and NADP+-isocitrate dehydrogenases, NAD+- and NADP+-malate dehydrogenases, as well as an NADPH-specific glutathione reductase (160, 25, 7200, 160, and 16 nanomoles NAD(P)H per minute and milligram protein, respectively). The two isocitrate dehydrogenase activities, but not the two malate dehydrogenase activities, could be separated by ammonium sulfate precipitation. Thus, the NADP+-isocitrate dehydrogenase activity is due to a separate matrix enzyme, whereas the NADP+-malate dehydrogenase activity is probably due to unspecificity of the NAD+-malate dehydrogenase. NADP+-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase had much lower Kms for NADP+ and isocitrate (5.1 and 10.7 micromolar, respectively) than the NAD+-specific enzyme (101 micromolar for NAD+ and 184 micromolar for isocitrate). A broad activity optimum at pH 7.4 to 9.0 was found for the NADP+-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase whereas the NAD+-specific enzyme had a sharp optimum at pH 7.8. Externally added NADP+ stimulated both isocitrate and malate oxidation by intact mitochondria under conditions where external NADPH oxidation was inhibited. This shows that (a) NADP+ is taken up by the mitochondria across the inner membrane and into the matrix, and (b) NADP+-reducing activities of malate dehydrogenase and the NADP+-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase in the matrix can contribute to electron transport in intact plant mitochondria. The physiological relevance of mitochondrial NADP(H) and soluble NADP(H)-consuming enzymes is discussed in relation to other known mitochondrial NADP(H)-utilizing enzymes. 相似文献
85.
J. H. Roberds G. Namkoong T. Skrøppa 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1990,79(6):841-848
Summary A major concern arising from the culture of clonally propagated crops of forest trees is risk of catastrophic loss due to an agent or event not anticipated at the time of population establishment. Since danger of such a catastrophe depends to some degree on the genetic variability within clonal mixtures, attention has been focused on the number of clones needed to keep the risk of catastrophic loss below specified levels. In this paper, we describe a genetical analysis of susceptibility to a destructive agent and the effect that frequency of genes for susceptibility have on the number of clones needed to effectively manage this risk. As a part of the analysis, parameters representing the minimum unacceptable mortality rates in plantations () and acceptable levels of risk () are defined, and their effects on the number of single-pair matings needed for the production of clonal stock are evaluated. Dominance and recessive gene action models for a single two-allele genetic locus are investigated. Probabilities for plantation failure are functions of the gene frequency for the allele conferring susceptibility. These functions converge to zero for allele frequencies less than but to one for frequencies greater than or equal to . This convergence is periodic rather than monotonie, since probabilities for plantation failure increase rather than decrease over restricted ranges of increasing numbers of clones. Recessive and dominance gene actions are found to have different effects on the minimum number of clones needed to attain acceptable risk levels. For conditions in which substantial numbers of clones are required, selecting multiple clones per mating is an effective method for reducing the number of matings necessary to achieve acceptable risks.Paper No. 12480 of the Journal Series of the North Carolina Agriculture Research Service, Raleigh, NC 27695-7643, USA 相似文献
86.
Denitrification and oxygen respiration in biofilms studied with a microsensor for nitrous oxide and oxygen 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Lars Peter Nielsen Peter Bondo Christensen Niels Peter Revsbech Jan Sørensen 《Microbial ecology》1990,19(1):63-72
Depth distributions of O2 respiration and denitrification activity were studied in 1- to 2-mm thick biofilms from nutrient-rich Danish streams. Acetylene was added to block the reduction of N2O, and micro-profiles of O2 and N2O in the biofilm were measured simultaneously with a polarographic microsensor. The specific activities of the two respiratory processes were calculated from the microprofiles using a one-dimensional diffusion-reaction model. Denitrification only occurred in layers where O2 was absent or present at low concentrations (of a fewM). Introduction of O2 into deeper layers inhibited denitrification, but the process started immediately after anoxic conditions were reestablished. Denitrification activity was present at greater depth in the biofilm when the NO3
– concentration in the overlying water was elevated, and the deepest occurrence of denitrification was apparently determined by the depth penetration of NO3
–. The denitrification rate within each specific layer was not affected by an increase in NO3
– concentration, and the half-saturation concentration (Km) for NO3
– therefore considered to be low (<25M). Addition of 0.2% yeast extract stimulated denitrification only in the uppermost 0.2 mm of the denitrification zone indicating a very efficient utilization of the dissolved organic matter within the upper layers of the biofilm. 相似文献
87.
Kirsten Christoffersen Bo Riemann Lone R. Hansen Annette Klysner Helle B. Sørensen 《Microbial ecology》1990,20(1):253-272
Plankton community structure and major pools and fluxes of carbon were observed before and after culmination of a bloom of cyanobacteria in eutrophic Frederiksborg Slotssø, Denmark. Biomass changes of heterotrophic nanoflagellates, ciliates, microzooplankton (50 to 140 μm), and macrozooplankton (larger than 140 μm) were compared to phytoplankton and bacterial production as well as micro- and macrozooplankton ingestion rates of phytoplankton and bacteria. The carbon budget was used as a means to examine causal relationships in the plankton community. Phytoplankton biomass decreased and algae smaller than 20 μm replacedAphanizomenon after the culmination of cyanobacteria. Bacterial net production peaked shortly after the culmination of the bloom (510 μg C liter?1 d?1 and decreased thereafter to a level of approximately 124 μg C liter?1 d?1. Phytoplankton extracellular release of organic carbon accounted for only 4–9% of bacterial carbon demand. Cyclopoid copepods and small-sized cladocerans started to grow after the culmination, but food limitation probably controlled the biomass after the collapse of the bloom. Grazing of micro- and macrozooplankton were estimated from in situ experiments using labeled bacteria and algae. Macrozooplankton grazed 22% of bacterial net production during the bloom and 86% after the bloom, while microzooplankton (nauplii, rotifers and ciliates larger than 50 μm) ingested low amounts of bacteria and removed 10–16% of bacterial carbon. Both macro-and microzooplankton grazed algae smaller than 20 μm, although they did not control algal biomass. From calculated clearance rates it was found that heterotrophic nanoflagellates (40–440 ml?1) grazed 3–4% of the bacterial production, while ciliates smaller than 50 μm removed 19–39% of bacterial production, supporting the idea that ciliates are an important link between bacteria and higher trophic levels. During and after the bloom ofAphanizomenon, major fluxes of carbon between bacteria, ciliates and crustaceans were observed, and heterotrophic nanoflagellates played a minor role in the pelagic food web. 相似文献
88.
Subculturing of a polychlorinated biphenyl-dechlorinating anaerobic enrichment on solid media. 总被引:4,自引:4,他引:0 下载免费PDF全文
An anaerobic culture capable of dechlorinating polychlorinated biphenyls was subcultured under strict anaerobic conditions on solid media containing sterilized river sediment. The dechlorination activity was transferred as a bacterial colony on a solid medium three times. After two transfers on solid medium, the culture was no longer methanogenic but still dechlorinated a mixture of tri- and tetrachlorobiphenyls. This demonstrates that anaerobic bacteria are responsible for the polychlorinated biphenyl dechlorination and can be grown without polychlorinated biphenyl on solid media. 相似文献
89.
Eriksen Karin Landsverk Thor Gondrosen Bjørn Vormeland Jorunn 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》1990,31(4):445-451
Antisera against a number of Campylobacter species were used in immuno-histochemical and -cytochemical studies on cases of porcine intestinal adenomatosis. Avidin-biotin-complex (ABC) and streptavidin immunoperoxidase methods were used on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded and frozen sections. Protein A gold method was used on formaldehyde fixed and frozen sections for immuno-cytochemistry. The antisera used were raised in rabbits by subcutaneous or intravenous injection of living or formalin treated organisms. Antisera against different serotypes of the thermotolerant, catalase positive Campylobacters, Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli gave positive reactions in the immuno-histochemical studies. The staining was found in intestinal epithelial cells both in the ileum and in the colon and was restricted to the apical cytoplasm of adenomatous epithelial cells. The staining had a granular pattern, the positive structures sometimes having the shape of Campylobacter. Epithelial cells in areas with normal differentiation of goblet cells did not stain. In contrast, no staining resulted with antisera against Campylobacter sputorum subsp. mucosalis and Campylobacter hyointestinalis. Immuno-cytochemistry, using antisera against Campylobacter jejuni showed that the positive staining in altered epithelial cells were restricted to intracellular organisms having a structure resembling Campylobacter spp. 相似文献
90.
The Ca2+-activated maxi K+ channel is predominant in the basolateral membrane of the surface cells in the distal colon. It may play a role in the regulation
of the aldosterone-stimulated Na+ reabsorption from the intestinal lumen. Previous measurements of these basolateral K+ channels in planar lipid bilayers and in plasma membrane vesicles have shown a very high sensitivity to Ca2+ with a K
0.5 ranging from 20 nm to 300 nm, whereas other studies have a much lower sensitivity to Ca2+. To investigate whether this difference could be due to modulation by second messenger systems, the effect of phosphorylation
and dephosphorylation was examined. After addition of phosphatase, the K+ channels lost their high sensitivity to Ca2+, yet they could still be activated by high concentrations of Ca2+ (10 μm). Furthermore, the high sensitivity to Ca2+ could be restored after phosphorylation catalyzed by a cAMP dependent protein kinase. There was no effect of addition of
protein kinase C. In agreement with the involvement of enzymatic processes, lag periods of 30–120 sec for dephosphorylation
and of 10–280 sec for phosphorylation were observed. The phosphorylation state of the channel did not influence the single
channel conductance. The results demonstrate that the high sensitivity to Ca2+ of the maxi K+ channel from rabbit distal colon is a property of the phosphorylated form of the channel protein, and that the difference
in Ca2+ sensitivity between the dephosphorylated and phosphorylated forms of the channel protein is more than one order of magnitude.
The variety in Ca2+ sensitivities for maxi K+ channels from tissue to tissue and from different studies on the same tissue could be due to modification by second messenger
systems.
Received: 28 February 1995/Revised: 22 December 1995 相似文献