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121.
Karl Rumbold Hugo JJ van Buijsen Karin M Overkamp Johan W van Groenestijn Peter J Punt J van der Mari?t Werf 《Microbial cell factories》2009,8(1):64
Background
Increasingly lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysates are used as the feedstock for industrial fermentations. These biomass hydrolysates are complex mixtures of different fermentable sugars, but also inhibitors and salts that affect the performance of the microbial production host. The performance of six industrially relevant microorganisms, i.e. two bacteria (Escherichia coli and Corynebacterium glutamicum), two yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia stipitis) and two fungi (Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma reesei) were compared for their (i) ability to utilize monosaccharides present in lignocellulosic hydrolysates, (ii) resistance against inhibitors present in lignocellulosic hydrolysates, (iii) their ability to utilize and grow on different feedstock hydrolysates (corn stover, wheat straw, sugar cane bagasse and willow wood). The feedstock hydrolysates were generated in two manners: (i) thermal pretreatment under mild acid conditions followed by enzymatic hydrolysis and (ii) a non-enzymatic method in which the lignocellulosic biomass is pretreated and hydrolyzed by concentrated sulfuric acid. Moreover, the ability of the selected hosts to utilize waste glycerol from the biodiesel industry was evaluated. 相似文献122.
Background
Genetic disruption of an important phenotype should favor compensatory mutations that restore the phenotype. If the genetic basis of the phenotype is modular, with a network of interacting genes whose functions are specific to that phenotype, compensatory mutations are expected among the genes of the affected network. This perspective was tested in the bacteriophage T3 using a genome deleted of its DNA ligase gene, disrupting DNA metabolism. 相似文献123.
124.
Tineke E Buffart Melanie Louw Nicole CT van Grieken Marianne Tijssen Beatriz Carvalho Bauke Ylstra Heike Grabsch Chris JJ Mulder Cornelis JH van de Velde Schalk W van der Merwe Gerrit A Meijer 《BMC medical genomics》2011,4(1):7
Background
Infection with H. pylori is important in the etiology of gastric cancer. Gastric cancer is infrequent in Africa, despite high frequencies of H. pylori infection, referred to as the African enigma. Variation in environmental and host factors influencing gastric cancer risk between different populations have been reported but little is known about the biological differences between gastric cancers from different geographic locations. We aim to study genomic instability patterns of gastric cancers obtained from patients from United Kingdom (UK) and South Africa (SA), in an attempt to support the African enigma hypothesis at the biological level.Methods
DNA was isolated from 67 gastric adenocarcinomas, 33 UK patients, 9 Caucasian SA patients and 25 native SA patients. Microsatellite instability and chromosomal instability were analyzed by PCR and microarray comparative genomic hybridization, respectively. Data was analyzed by supervised univariate and multivariate analyses as well as unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis.Results
Tumors from Caucasian and native SA patients showed significantly more microsatellite instable tumors (p < 0.05). For the microsatellite stable tumors, geographical origin of the patients correlated with cluster membership, derived from unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis (p = 0.001). Several chromosomal alterations showed significantly different frequencies in tumors from UK patients and native SA patients, but not between UK and Caucasian SA patients and between native and Caucasian SA patients.Conclusions
Gastric cancers from SA and UK patients show differences in genetic instability patterns, indicating possible different biological mechanisms in patients from different geographical origin. This is of future clinical relevance for stratification of gastric cancer therapy.125.
Drosophila melanogaster and its close relatives have been extremely important model species in the development of population genetic models that serve to explain patterns of diversity in natural populations, a major goal of evolutionary biology. A detailed picture of the evolutionary history of these species is beginning to emerge, as the relative importance of forces including demographic changes and natural selection is established. A continuing aim is to characterise levels of genetic diversity in a large number of populations of these species, covering a wide geographic area. We have used collections from five previously un-sampled wild populations of D. melanogaster and two of D. simulans, across three continents. We estimated levels of genetic diversity within, and divergence between, these populations, and looked for evidence of genetic structure both between ancestral and derived populations, and amongst derived populations. We also investigated the prevalence of infection with the bacterial endosymbiont Wolbachia. We found that D. melanogaster populations from Sub-Saharan Africa are the most diverse, and that divergence is highest between these and non-Sub-Saharan populations. There is strong evidence for structuring of populations between Sub-Saharan Africa and the rest of the world, and some evidence for weak structure amongst derived populations. Populations from Sub-Saharan Africa also differ in the prevalence of Wolbachia infection, with very low levels of infection compared to populations from the rest of the world. 相似文献
126.
Electrophoretic studies of malate oxidoreductases routinely assess variation in two enzymes, malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37) and malic enzyme (NADP+) (EC 1.1.1.40). By modification of the standard isozyme staining conditions for these enzymes, we have resolved a new NAD+-preferring, MgCl2-requiring malic enzyme which is indicated to be EC 1.1.1.39. The enzyme was detected in 10 salmonid fish species of the generaSalmo, Salvelinus, andOnchoryhncus. Phenotypic variation indicates that the novel enzyme is tetrameric and coded by a single locus. Inheritance inS. salar follows a single-locus model and the phenotypes are unlinked to polymorphisms fors
MDH-3,4* andm
MEP-2*, two malate oxidoreductase loci previously shown to be variable in this species.This work was supported by a contract to E. V. from Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St. John's, Newfoundland, and a postgraduate award to W. C. J. from the Department of Education for Northern Ireland. 相似文献
127.
A critical review of adaptive genetic variation in Atlantic salmon: implications for conservation 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Garcia de Leaniz C Fleming IA Einum S Verspoor E Jordan WC Consuegra S Aubin-Horth N Lajus D Letcher BH Youngson AF Webb JH Vøllestad LA Villanueva B Ferguson A Quinn TP 《Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society》2007,82(2):173-211
Here we critically review the scale and extent of adaptive genetic variation in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.), an important model system in evolutionary and conservation biology that provides fundamental insights into population persistence, adaptive response and the effects of anthropogenic change. We consider the process of adaptation as the end product of natural selection, one that can best be viewed as the degree of matching between phenotype and environment. We recognise three potential sources of adaptive variation: heritable variation in phenotypic traits related to fitness, variation at the molecular level in genes influenced by selection, and variation in the way genes interact with the environment to produce phenotypes of varying plasticity. Of all phenotypic traits examined, variation in body size (or in correlated characters such as growth rates, age of seaward migration or age at sexual maturity) generally shows the highest heritability, as well as a strong effect on fitness. Thus, body size in Atlantic salmon tends to be positively correlated with freshwater and marine survival, as well as with fecundity, egg size, reproductive success, and offspring survival. By contrast, the fitness implications of variation in behavioural traits such as aggression, sheltering behaviour, or timing of migration are largely unknown. The adaptive significance of molecular variation in salmonids is also scant and largely circumstantial, despite extensive molecular screening on these species. Adaptive variation can result in local adaptations (LA) when, among other necessary conditions, populations live in patchy environments, exchange few or no migrants, and are subjected to differential selective pressures. Evidence for LA in Atlantic salmon is indirect and comes mostly from ecological correlates in fitness-related traits, the failure of many translocations, the poor performance of domesticated stocks, results of a few common-garden experiments (where different populations were raised in a common environment in an attempt to dissociate heritable from environmentally induced phenotypic variation), and the pattern of inherited resistance to some parasites and diseases. Genotype x environment interactions occurr for many fitness traits, suggesting that LA might be important. However, the scale and extent of adaptive variation remains poorly understood and probably varies, depending on habitat heterogeneity, environmental stability and the relative roles of selection and drift. As maladaptation often results from phenotype-environment mismatch, we argue that acting as if populations are not locally adapted carries a much greater risk of mismanagement than acting under the assumption for local adaptations when there are none. As such, an evolutionary approach to salmon conservation is required, aimed at maintaining the conditions necessary for natural selection to operate most efficiently and unhindered. This may require minimising alterations to native genotypes and habitats to which populations have likely become adapted, but also allowing for population size to reach or extend beyond carrying capacity to encourage competition and other sources of natural mortality. 相似文献
128.
Quezada-Rivera JJ RE Soria-Guerra FS Pérez-Juárez L Martínez-González SE Valdés- Rodríguez NL Vasco-Méndez JF Morales-Domínguez 《Phyton》2019,88(1):25-35
The use of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) synthesized
by bacteria (bacteriocins) is an alternative for combating multidrug
resistant bacterial strains and their production by recombinant route
is a viable option for their mass production. The bacteriocin E-760
isolated from the genus Enterococcus sp. has been shown to possess
inhibitory activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive
bacteria. In this study, the expression of a chimeric protein coding
for E-760 in the nucleus of C. reinhardtii was evaluated, as well as,
its antibacterial activity. The synthetic gene E-760S was inserted
into the genome of C. reinhardtii using Agrobacterium tumefaciens.
A transgenic line was identified in TAP medium with hygromycin
and also by PCR. The increment in the culture medium temperature
of the transgenic strain at 35 °C for 10 minutes, increased the
production level of the recombinant protein from 0.14 (Noninduced
culture, NIC) to 0.36% (Induced culture, IC) of total soluble
proteins (TSP); this was quantified by an ELISA assay. Recombinant
E-760 possesses activity against Staphylococcus aureus in 0.34 U
log, Streptococcus agalactiae in 0.48 U log, Enterococcus faecium in
0.36 U log, Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 2 U log and for Klebsiella
pneumoniae, the activity was 0.07 U log. These results demonstrate
that the nucleus transformation of C. reinhardtii can function as
a stable expression platform for the production of the synthetic
gene E-760 and it can potentially be used as an antibacterial agent. 相似文献
129.
130.
A previous analysis of proportions of stocked and wild Atlantic salmon among angled fish in the Rivers Asón and Nansa in northern Spain based on the analysis of MEP-2 * genotypes is extended. The results reinforce the initial conclusion that returns of stocked Scottish salmon are significantly lower than returns for wild fish. 相似文献