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141.
To evaluate breastfed infants' responses to scented objects, we videotaped
the facial and bodily reactions of sixty-three infants as they explored, in
succession, three toys that were identical in appearance but different in
their characteristic odor. Two of the toys were scented with odorants
previously shown to be transmitted to human milk, one with ethanol and the
other with vanilla, whereas the third toy was unscented. Each videotape was
subjected to frame-by-frame analysis to measure a variety of behaviors that
are considered either to be exploratory in nature in that they lead to
perceptual information about the object or to reflect the infants' hedonic
reaction. Analyses of these behaviors revealed that the infants looked more
and vocalized less in the presence of the vanilla-scented toy and spent
less time manipulating the ethanol-scented toy when compared with the
unscented toy. Moreover, differential exposure to the odors of ethanol and
vanilla, as indicated by differential consumption of alcohol by a parent or
use of vanilla-scented product by the mother, was related to differential
responses to these odors. These findings suggest that human infants are
able to detect and retain information about the chemical features of their
environment.
相似文献
142.
The effects of intraperitoneal administration of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) on biogenic amine levels in hemispheres, hypothalamus, midbrain, and medulla-pons, and on tryptophan in serum and brain, were studied. One hour after GHB administration (50 and 100 mg/kg) significant increases of dopamine concentration were observed in the hemispheres with both doses and in the hypothalamus with the higher dose, but a significant decrease of noradrenaline in the hypothalamus. No significant changes of serotonin metabolism were observed. These results indicate that low doses of GHB selectively affect the catecholaminergic neuronal activity. 相似文献
143.
PAWEŁ JAŁOSZYŃSKI 《Systematic Entomology》2014,39(1):159-189
Genera of Eutheiini are reviewed and Eutheimorphus is removed from this tribe of ant‐like stone beetles (Scydmaeninae) and transferred to Cephenniini. A monogeneric Marcepaniini trib.n. is described to accommodate Marcepania gen.n. from Malaysia, with five species: M. semengohensis sp.n. (the type species of Marcepania), M. tuberculata sp.n. , M. seramaensis sp.n. , M. minutissima sp.n. and M. elongata sp.n. A phylogenetic analysis of all genera of Cephenniini, Eutheiini and Marcepaniini based on adult morphological characters resulted in recovering a well‐supported monophyletic clade Eutheiini + (Marcepaniini + Cephenniini) and these tribes are included in Cephenniitae stat.n. (Eutheiini and Cephenniini are therefore removed from Scydmaenitae). Only a weak support for monophyly of Eutheiini was found, but morphological characters allow for maintaining this presumably relic group as a separate tribe. Previously proposed monophyletic groups within Cephenniini were recovered as such, but after inclusion of Eutheimorphus, a sister taxon to the ‘Cephennomicrus group’, the latter lineage gained weak statistical support. The evolutionary history of Cephenniitae is discussed, with focus on known northern hemisphere fossils classified in Scydmaenitae and Hapsomelitae, but possibly closely allied to Cephenniitae. Establishing the supertribe Cephenniitae is the first step toward a profound reclassification of Scydmaeninae on a robust phylogenetic basis. This published work has been registered in ZooBank, http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:B0E1B12D-9587-4C4F-A908-A12A0C424A8C . 相似文献
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Heather W. Neave Lori Vickers Douglas M. Veira 《Animal Feed Science and Technology》2013,179(1-4):133-137
An effective colostrum management programme is the most important factor in determining the health and survival of the neonatal calf. Commercially available colostrum replacers (CR) and colostrum supplements (CS) are an alternative to colostrum on farms that do not have an adequate, high-quality colostrum supply, or those farms that want to prevent transmission of disease from cow to calf. The present study aimed to obtain a high immunoglobulin (Ig), dried bovine colostrum product that could be used as a CR or CS for dairy calves. Dried whey was made from 6 batches of colostrum and an additional 6 batches were used to produce dried whey and curds. Dried whey had higher IgG concentration (P<0.05) and lactose (P<0.05), and less fat (P<0.05) compared to curds or the original colostrum. There was a strong linear relationship between initial colostrum IgG concentration and whey (R2 = 0.86) with approximately 0.45 of the initial colostral IgG residing in curd. The high IgG and the composition of colostrum whey powder suggests it could be an effective CS product for use with dairy calves. The high fat and IgG content of the curd by-product indicate that it might be a potential weaning supplement in piglets or even a product for human consumption. 相似文献