Pollen-based biome reconstruction for southern Europe and Africa 18,000 yr bp

Pollen data from 18,000 ¹⁴C yr bp were compiled in order to reconstruct biome distributions at the last glacial maximum in southern Europe and Africa. Biome reconstructions were made using the objective biomization method applied to pollen counts using a complete list of dryland taxa wherever possible. Consistent and major differences from present‐day biomes are shown. Forest and xerophytic woods/scrub were replaced by steppe, both in the Mediterranean region and in southern Africa, except in south‐western Cape Province where fynbos (xerophytic scrub) persisted. Sites in the tropical highlands, characterized today by evergreen forest, were dominated by steppe and/or xerophytic vegetation (cf. today’s Ericaceous belt and Afroalpine grassland) at the last glacial maximum. Available data from the tropical lowlands are sparse but suggest that the modern tropical rain forest was largely replaced by tropical seasonal forest while the modern seasonal or dry forests were encroached on by savanna or steppe. Montane forest elements descended to lower elevations than today.     

Affinity chromatography of Ankistrodesmus braunii nitrate reductase using blue dextran-sepharose (author's transl)

Blue Dextran has been coupled covalently to Sepharose-4B to purify the enzymatic complex NAD(P)H-nitrate reductase (EC 1.6.6.2) from the green alga Ankistrodesmus braunii by affinity chromatography. The optimum conditions for the accomplishment of the chromatographic process have been determined. The adsorption of nitrate reductase on Blue Dextran Sepharose is optimum when a phosphate buffer of low ionic strength and pH 6.5-7.0 is used. Once the enzyme has been bound to Blue Dextran Sepharose, it can be specifically eluted by addition of NADH and FAD to the washing buffer. However, none of the nucleotides added separately is able to promote the elution of the enzyme from the column. The elution can be also achieved, but not specifically, by increasing the ionic strength of the buffer with KCl. These results have made possible a procedure for the purification of A. braunii nitrate reductase which led to electrophoretic homogeneity, with an overall yield of 70% and a specific activity of 49 units/mg of protein.     

A comparison of ferric-chelate reductase and chlorophyll and growth ratios as indices of selection of quince,pear and olive genotypes under iron deficiency stress

Quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.), pear (Pyrus communis L.) and olive (Olea europaea L.) genotypes were evaluated for their tolerance to iron deficiency stress by growing young plants in three types of aerated nutrient solutions: (1) with iron, (2) without iron or (3) low in iron and with 10 mM bicarbonate. Plants were obtained either from rooted softwood cuttings or from germination of seeds. The degree of tolerance was evaluated with several indices: (1) the chlorophyll content, (2) the root Fe³⁺ reducing capacity and (3) the whole plant relative growth. Fifteen hours before Fe³⁺ reducing capacity determination, iron was applied to the roots of plants with iron-stress, since this method resulted in increasing the reductase activity. All quince and pear genotypes increased the root Fe³⁺ reducing capacity when grown in the treatments for iron-stress, in relation to control plants of the same genotypes. In olive cultivars, the Fe³⁺ reducing capacity was lower in the iron-stress treatments than in the control one. Studying the relationship between relative growth and chlorophyll content for each genotype under iron-stress, in relation to both indices in control plants, a classification of species and genotypes was established. According to that, most olive cultivars and some pear rootstocks and cultivars appear more iron-efficient than quince rootstocks. Our study shows that in some woody species, determining root Fe³⁺ reducing capacity is not the best method to establish tolerance to iron deficiency stress.     

Characterization of Met-139 as the photolabeled amino acid residue in the steroid binding site of sex hormone binding globulin using delta 6 derivatives of either testosterone or estradiol as unsubstituted photoaffinity labeling reagents.

Immunopurified human sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) was photoinactivated and photolabeled by radioinert and radioactive photoaffinity labeling steroids delta 6-testosterone (delta 6-T) and delta 6-estradiol (delta 6-E2). The maximal levels of specific incorporation of these two reagents were 0.50 and 0.33 mol of label/mol of SHBG, respectively. Covalently labeled SHBG fractions were citraconylated, reduced, carboxymethylated, and cleaved by trypsin. Separation of tryptic digests by reverse-phase liquid chromatography gave single radioactive peaks at the same retention times with both steroid reagents. However, the two labeled peptidic fractions could be distinguished by capillary electrophoresis and immunodetection with anti-steroid antibodies, whereas the covalent attachment of radioactivity was confirmed by thin-layer chromatography on silica gel. Edman degradation of the two labeled peptides showed a single sequence His-Pro-Ile-([3H]X)-Arg corresponding to the pentapeptide His-Pro-Ile-Met-Arg 136-140 of SHBG sequence. The coincidence, in both cases, of the absence of an identifiable amino acid residue and of the elution of the most intense peak of radioactivity at the fourth cycle of Edman degradation suggests that the same Met-139 residue was labeled by delta 6-[1,2-3H2]T or by delta 6-[17 alpha-3H]E2. Liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry of the two peptides showed [M+H]+ ions at m/z 939.8 or 923.8, corresponding respectively to the addition of delta 6-T or delta 6-E2 to the pentapeptide. The presence of the steroid molecule in the delta 6-[3H]T-pentapeptide conjugate was confirmed by the difference of 2 mass units with the [M+H]+ peak of the delta 6-[4-14C]T-pentapeptide conjugate.     

Sequences related to the major subunit gene fedA of F107 fimbriae in porcine Escherichia coli strains that express adhesive fimbriae

Abstract Porcine Escherichia coli strains isolated from cases fo postweaning diarrhea or edema disease were analysed for the presence of fedA , the major subunit gene of F107 fimbriae. The E. coli isolates were known to contain colonisation factor '8813', or to express F107, 2134P or other fimbriae, different from F4, F5, F6, and F41. PCR with fedA -specific primers, restriction enzyme digestion of the PCR product, and nucleotide sequence analysis demonstrated that 2134P pili, colonisation factor '8813' and fimbriae identified on Australian strains of the O141 serotype belong to one family of F107 fimbrial antigens.     

Comparative 2H- and 31P-NMR study on the properties of palmitoyllysophosphatidylcholine in bilayers with gramicidin, cholesterol and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine

The stoichiometric palmitoyllysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPC)/gramicidin (4:1, mol/mol) lamellar complex (Killian, J.A., De Kruijff, B., Van Echteld, C.J.A., Verkleij, A.J., Leunissen-Bijvelt, J. and De Gier, J. (1983) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 728, 141-144) is a useful model system to investigate the various aspects of lipid protein interactions. To study the effect of gramicidin on local order and motion of 1-palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (lysoPC) we employed 31P and 2H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) using selectively deuterated lysoPC's and we compared the results to those obtained for lysoPC in bilayers with cholesterol (1:1, mol/mol) and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) (1:4, mol/mol). 2H-NMR experiments on acyl chain deuterated lysoPC showed similar quadrupole splittings in the liquid crystalline state for the lysoPC/DPPC and the lysoPC/gramicidin samples. In the lysoPC/cholesterol sample an increase of the quadrupole splitting was found. T1 measurements showed that gramicidin decreases the lysoPC acyl chain motion, especially at the C12 position. In the lysoPC/cholesterol sample an increase of motion was observed as compared to lysoPC in fluid bilayers of DPPC. 31P-NMR and 2-H-NMR measurements of lysoPC, deuterated at the alpha- and beta-position of the choline moiety, indicated an increase in headgroup flexibility in all samples as compared to the parent compound DPPC. In addition, a change in headgroup conformation was observed. The alpha- and beta-segments in all samples exhibited concerted motion. It was found that also in the polar headgroup gramicidin induces a decrease of the rate of motion.