Factors determining the biosynthesis of griseofulvin and similar substances

Была высказана гипотеза, что биосинтез гризеофульвине, цитромицетина, фульвиновой кислоты, фусаeубине, руброфусарина и родствеооых им вешеств протекаеР не путем конденсации линейнон цепочки, а из двух более коротких цепочек, которые возникают конденсацией 4 и 3 ацетатных единп. реакции, осушествляющиеся на уровне этих цапочек (илн прнмежувочных структур) метиляция, редукция, и, возможно, последующая дегидратация или только эноэизация— определяют направление дальнeйшeй кондeнсации в такой стeпeни, что конeчныe продуктыотдичаются своeй структурой.     

Root exudates of plants

Summary The composition of the root exudates of barley and wheat in the initial growth phases was investigated; amino acids, organic acids, sugars and certain aromatic compounds could be identified. A knowledge of the composition of root exudates is important from the standpoint of the interaction between the plants and the micro-organisms in the rhizosphere. Some aspects of the rhizosphere effect connected with the present work are discussed.     

Resistance to tedion in haploid and diploid offspring of Tetranychus urticae Koch

The susceptibility to Tedion of haploid and diploid-haploid mixtures of eggs of Tetranychus urticae Koch was examined. It was concluded for a normal susceptible strain that haploid eggs are more susceptible to Tedion than diploid eggs. This difference in tolerance between haploid and diploid eggs could not be established for a strain resistant to Tedion.Mass crosses between the susceptible and the resistant strain were made. Susceptible females, mated by resistant males, produce susceptible haploid and resistant diploid offspring. Resistant females, mated by susceptible males, gave a resistant offspring. Both sexes can also transmit resistance to Tedion. As there was a difference in tolerance between diploid offspring in the reciprocal crosses, it is assumed that either a maternal or a cytoplasmic component is also present in the genetical mechanism of Tedion-resistance.

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Zusammenfassung Es wurde die Empfindlichkeit haploider und diploid-haploider Gemische von Eiern von Tetranychus urticae Koch gegenüber Tedion untersucht. Für einen normal empfindlichen Stamm wurde aus toxikologischen Daten und einer Verschiebung des Geschlechterverhältnisses erschlossen, daß haploide Eier gegenüber Tedion empfindlicher sind als diploide. Dieser Toleranzunterschied zwischen haploiden und diploiden Nachkommen konnte bei einem gegen Tedion resistenten Stamm nicht nachgewiesen werden.Es wurden Massenkreuzungen zwischen empfindlichen und resistenten Stämmen durch-geführt. Empfindliche Weibchen, mit resistenten Männchen gepaart, produzierten empfindliche haploide und resistente diploide Nachkommen. Resistente Weibchen, mit empfindlichen Männchen gepaart, ergaben eine resistente Nachkommenschaft. Beide Geschlechter können also die Resistenz gegen Tedion übertragen. Da bei den reziproken Kreuzungen ein Toleranzunterschied zwischen den diploiden Nachkommen auftritt, wird angenommen, daß in dem genetischen Mechanismus der Tedion-Resistenz auch eine mütterliche oder eine zytoplasmatische Komponente vorhanden ist.

     

SOME FEATURES OF A REMARKABLE ORGANELLE IN BACILLUS SUBTILIS

In thin sections of Bacillus subtilis certain organelles are observed situated either in the nuclear area from where they can extend into the cytoplasm, or in contact with the cell wall. Inside the nuclear area, the organelle is sometimes composed of concentric layers each seen to consist of two dense borders with a lighter interspace. In other instances, inside as well as outside the nuclear area, the organelles appear as clusters of delicately delimited vesicles. A typical site of occurrence is on the inner rim of the centripetally developing transverse septa, where it appears as a so called peripheral body (2). The micrographs strongly suggest that when the organelles are attached to the walls they have a function in cell wall formation.     

Changes in fungi with age. II. Respiration and respiratory enzymes of Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotium bataticola

Van Etten, James L. (University of Illinois, Urbana), H. Peter Molitoris, and David Gottlieb. Changes in fungi with age. II. Respiration and respiratory enzymes of Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotium bataticola. J. Bacteriol. 91:169-175. 1966.-The rate of respiration of Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotium bataticola decreased with age. This decrease in respiratory rate might be produced by a decrease in the specific activity of one or more enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism. Specific activities in cell-free extracts were measured for most of the enzymes in the hexose monophosphate shunt, Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and terminal electron-transport system. In addition, glucose oxidase, isocitritase, and malic enzyme were measured. In R. solani, increases in activity with age occurred for hexokinase, alpha-glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase, malic dehydrogenase, and cytochrome oxidase. Decreases occurred for phosphohexokinase, aconitase, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-specific isocitric dehydrogenase, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidase, and at least one of the enzymes between 3-phosphoglycerate and pyruvate. In S. bataticola, increases in activity with age were observed for phosphohexokinase, pyruvic dehydrogenase, fumarase, malic dehydrogenase, and malic enzyme, whereas none of the enzymes decreased. The specific activities of the remaining enzymes did not change with age in either fungus.