全文获取类型
收费全文 | 193394篇 |
免费 | 7558篇 |
国内免费 | 825篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 556篇 |
2022年 | 413篇 |
2021年 | 1013篇 |
2020年 | 930篇 |
2019年 | 952篇 |
2018年 | 13554篇 |
2017年 | 12223篇 |
2016年 | 10188篇 |
2015年 | 5348篇 |
2014年 | 5127篇 |
2013年 | 6805篇 |
2012年 | 11934篇 |
2011年 | 19486篇 |
2010年 | 16010篇 |
2009年 | 11225篇 |
2008年 | 15233篇 |
2007年 | 16674篇 |
2006年 | 5789篇 |
2005年 | 5681篇 |
2004年 | 5782篇 |
2003年 | 5452篇 |
2002年 | 4859篇 |
2001年 | 2405篇 |
2000年 | 2284篇 |
1999年 | 1874篇 |
1998年 | 783篇 |
1997年 | 612篇 |
1996年 | 537篇 |
1995年 | 545篇 |
1994年 | 558篇 |
1993年 | 448篇 |
1992年 | 1250篇 |
1991年 | 1192篇 |
1990年 | 1025篇 |
1989年 | 954篇 |
1988年 | 907篇 |
1987年 | 772篇 |
1986年 | 684篇 |
1985年 | 768篇 |
1984年 | 673篇 |
1983年 | 571篇 |
1982年 | 426篇 |
1981年 | 416篇 |
1979年 | 572篇 |
1978年 | 442篇 |
1975年 | 432篇 |
1974年 | 445篇 |
1973年 | 457篇 |
1972年 | 578篇 |
1971年 | 616篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
951.
In the radioreceptor assay for growth hormone (RRA-GH) using [125I]iodo-hGH, hGH and human liver membrane particulate fractions as tracer, hormone standard and receptors, respectively, ovine placental lactogen (oPL) is capable of inhibiting the binding of [125I]iodo-hGH in a parallel manner with hGH and in equipotency. Similarly, in the RRA-GH by employing [125I]iodo-oPL, oPL and human liver membrane particulate fractions as tracer, hormone standard and receptors, respectively, hGH is also equipotent as oPL in inhibiting the binding of [125I]iodo-oPL in a parallel fashion. The addition of monoclonal antibodies against oPL in the assay was effective in inhibiting the binding of [125I] iodo-oPL to human liver, but could not, however, inhibit the binding of [125I]iodo-hGH to human liver. Furthermore, the addition of the monoclonal antibodies in the RRA-GH did not affect the parallelism of the oPL standard but lowered the total binding of oPL. Our studies indicate that the structure of the binding sequence in oPL which binds to the GH receptor of human liver is not identical to the equivalent sequence of hGH and that the monoclonal antibodies compete with GH receptors in human liver for the binding of oPL. 相似文献
952.
G-banded karyotypes were compared in the following species of Microtidae: Microtus nivalis; M. cabrerae; M. arvalis and Arvicola sapidus. Previous observations on A. sapidus and A. terrestris (Díaz de la Guardia & Pretel, Caryologia 32: 183–189, 1979) were also incorporated in this study. The results show that Robertsonian translocations and pericentric inversions are common mechanisms involved in the karyotypic evolution of this group. Interspecific differences in C-banding patterns were also analyzed. Using the karyograph method (Imai et al., Am. Nat. 121: 477–488, 1983), the evolutionary distances of the karyotypes were estimated, and an attempt was made to establish a presumptive phylogenetic tree. 相似文献
953.
Digestion of Chinese hamster metaphase chromosomes from the Don cell line by Hind III restriction endonuclease followed by Giemsa staining were analysed by light and electron microscopy. The evolution of digestibility was studied and four digestion stages were characterized by different levels of chromosome structure. Three different condensation stages were established according to morphological criteria of length, width and separation among chromatids. It was observed that there are statistically significant differences in the digestion progress at the three condensation stages previously defined. 相似文献
954.
9-(2-Anthryl)-nonanoic acid is a new fluorescent and photoactivable probe, which has been designed for studying the lateral diffusion rate and the lateral distribution of lipids in biological membranes by means of the anthracene photodimerization reaction. It is shown that this anthracene fatty acid is metabolically incorporated into the glycerophospholipids (phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol) of the eukaryotic Chinese hamster ovary cells in culture. Under our culture conditions (Eagle's minimal essential medium plus delipidized fetal calf serum) this incorporation proceeded with a very good rate (up to 45 mol/100 mol, after two days culture) and could be easily modulated depending on the way the cells were fed with the anthracene fatty acid. It occurred to a similar extent at the sn-1 (55 +/- 5%) or at the sn-2 (45 +/- 5%) position on the phospholipid glycerol backbone, without any degradation or elongation. No double labelling at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions was detected. Although incorporation of the anthracene fatty acid affected the cell growth rate (generation time of 48 h compared to a generation time of 21 h for control cells) it did not bring about cell mortality. This incorporation took place not only into the phospholipids but also into the triglycerides with, as a consequence, the appearance of strongly fluorescent lipid vesicles inside the cells. It affected the whole cell fatty acid composition by slightly increasing the amount of palmitic acid and markedly decreasing the amount of stearic and oleic acids. 相似文献
955.
David R. McConville Dennis D. Anderson Rory N. Vosé Daniel B. Wilcox 《Hydrobiologia》1986,136(1):77-83
Species composition, relative abundance, distribution and physical habitat associations of submerged aquatic macrophytes in the main channel border (MCB) habitat of Pool 5A, Upper Mississippi River (UMR) were investigated during the summers of 1980 and 1983. The submerged aquatic macrophytes in Pool .5A MCB were a small and stable component of the river ecosystem. Submerged plants occurred primarily in small, monospecific clumps. Clumps in close proximity to each other formed plant patches. Plant patches were stable in location and number between 1980 and 1983; 82.5% of the patches first observed in 1980 were present in 1983. Submerged macrophytes covered about 10–12 ha of the 201 ha MCB in Pool 5A. Submerged plants were most common in the lower two-thirds of the pool. Ten species of aquatic macrophytes occurred on rock channel-training structures and eleven occurred on non-rock substrates in the MCB. The most common submerged plants, in order of abundance, were Vallisneria americana Michx., Heteranthra dubia Jacq., Potamogeton pectinatus L., Ceratophyllum demersum L. and Potamogeton americanus C. & S. 相似文献
956.
Staining and histochemical methods, immunofluorescence and electron microscopy were used to individualize the thyrotropic cells in the adenohypophysis of the non-hibernating hedgehog. One cell type was differentiated; its characteristics at the light and electron-microscopic levels were presented. Immunofluorescence has confirmed the functional significance of this cell type and the validity of the denomination of 'thyrotropic cells'. 相似文献
957.
Two Down syndrome patients with rec(21),dupq,inv(21)(p11;q2109) from a familial pericentric inversion 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Aneusomie de recombinaison arose from a familial pericentric inversion of a chromosome 21. Two female patients had a typical Down syndrome; one of them had slight psychomotor retardation. There was partial trisomy 21q2109----qter in these two patients but ZnCu SOD activity was normal. 相似文献
958.
A reverse-phase isocratic HPLC method is described for direct simultaneous assay of ATP, ADP, AMP, S-adenosylmethionine, S-adenosylhomocysteine, S-adenosylethionine, and other adenine derivatives in liver microbiopsies. The procedure was tested in conditions which alter the hepatic content of adenine nucleotides and sulfur-adenosyl amino acids in humans, rats, and guinea pigs. 相似文献
959.
The regulation of nitrile-hydratase biosynthese was studied in Brevibacterium sp R 312. Enzyme biosynthesis was not influenced by any carbon and nitrogen source used in the growth medium. It was, however, repressed by amide and amide analogues. Acetamide repressed nitrile-hydratase biosynthesis and induced the wide-spectrum amidase. Therefore, it appeared reasonable to hypothesize a single repressor gene for the nitrile-hydratase/wide-spectrum amidase system. 相似文献
960.
The role of oxidative processes in the cytotoxicity of substituted 1,4-naphthoquinones in isolated hepatocytes 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
D Ross H Thor M D Threadgill M S Sandy M T Smith P Moldéus S Orrenius 《Archives of biochemistry and biophysics》1986,248(2):460-466
In order to clarify the role of oxidative processes in cytotoxicity we have studied the metabolism and toxicity of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (menadione) and its 2,3 dimethyl (DMNQ) and 2,3 diethyl (DENQ) analogs in isolated rat hepatocytes. The two analogs, unlike menadione, cannot alkylate nucleophiles directly and were considerably less toxic than menadione. This decreased toxicity was consistent with the inability of DMNQ and DENQ to alkylate but we also found them to undergo lower rates of redox cycling in hepatocytes and a higher ratio of two electron as opposed to one electron reduction relative to menadione. Thus, facile analysis of the respective roles of alkylation and oxidation in cytotoxicity was not possible using these compounds. In hepatocytes pretreated with bischloroethyl-nitrosourea (BCNU) to inhibit glutathione reductase, all three naphthoquinones caused a potentiation of reduced glutathione (GSH) removal/oxidized glutathione (GSSG) generation and cytotoxicity relative to that observed in control cells. These data show that inhibition of hepatocyte glutathione reductase by BCNU results in enhanced naphthoquinone-induced oxidative challenge and subsequent cellular toxicity. That DMNQ and DENQ are cytotoxic, albeit at high concentrations, and that this cytotoxicity is potentiated by BCNU pretreatment suggest that oxidative processes alone can be a determinant of cytotoxicity. 相似文献